XXXVII we will treat of the instance of divorce as the fifteen of our  prerogative instance they indicate the separation of nature of the most common  occurrence they differ however from those subjoin to the accompany instance  for the instance of divorce point out the separation of a particular nature  from some concrete substance with which it be usual find in conjunction while  the hostile instance point out the total separation of one nature from another  they differ also from the instance of the cross because they decide nothing  but only inform we that the one nature be capable of be separate from the  other they be of use in expose false from and dissipate hasty theory derive  from obvious fact so that they add ballast and weight as it be to the  understanding for instance let the acquire nature be those four which Telesius  term associate and of the same family namely heat light rarity and mobility or  promptitude to motion yet many instance of divorce can be discover between  they air be rare and easy move but neither hot nor light the moon be light but  not hot boil water be warm but not light the motion of the needle in the  compass be swift and active and yet its substance be cold dense and opaque and  there be many similar example again let the require nature be corporeal nature  and natural action the latter appear incapable of subsist without some body  yet may we perhaps even here find a instance of divorce as in the magnetic  motion which draw the iron to the magnet and heavy body to the globe of the  earth to which we may add other action which operate at a distance for such  action take place in time by distinct moment not in a instant and in space by  regular degree and distance there be therefore some one moment of time and  some interval of space in which the power or action be suspend between the two  body create the motion our consideration then be reduce to this whether the  body which be the extreme of motion prepare or alter the intermediate body so  that the power advance from one extreme to the other by succession and actual  contact and in the meantime exist in some intermediate body or whether there  exist in reality nothing but the body the power and the space in the case of  the ray of light sound and heat and some other object which operate at a  distance it be indeed probable that the intermediate body be prepare and alter  the more so because a qualify medium be require for their operation but the  magnetic or attractive power admit of a indifferent medium and it be not  impede in any but if that power or action be independent of the intermediate  body it follow that it be a natural power or action exist in a certain time  and space without any body since it exist neither in the extreme nor in the  intermediate body hence the magnetic action may be take as a instance of  divorce of corporeal nature and natural action to which we may add as a  corollary and a advantage not to be neglect that it may be take as a proof of  essence and substance be separate and incorporeal even by those who  philosophical accord to the sense for if natural power and action emanate from  a body can exist at any time and place entire without any body it be near a  proof that it can also emanate original from a incorporeal substance for a  corporeal nature appear to be no less necessary for support and convey than  for excite or generate natural action XXXVIII next follow five class of  instance which we be wont to call by the general term of instance of the lamp  or of immediate information they be such as assist the sense for since every  interpretation of nature set out from the sense and lead by a regular fix and  well establish road from the perception of the sense to those of the  understanding which be true notion and axiom it necessary follow that in  proportion as the representative or ministerings of the sense be more abundant  and accurate everything else must be more easy and successful the first of  these five set of instance of the lamp strengthen enlarge and correct the  immediate operation of the sense the second reduce to the sphere of the sense  such matter as be beyond it the three indicate the continue process or series  of such thing and motion as for the most part be only observe in their  termination or in period the four supply the absolute want of the sense the  five excite their attention and observation and at the same time limit the  subtlety of thing we will now proceed to speak of they single XXXIX in the  sixteenth rank then of prerogative instance we will place the instance of the  door or gate by which name we designate such as assist the immediate action of  the sense it be obvious that sight hold the first rank among the sense with  regard to information for which reason we must seek principal help for that  sense these help appear to be threefold either to enable it to perceive object  not natural see or to see they from a great distance or to see they more  accurate and distinct we have a example of the first not to speak of spectacle  and the like which only correct and remove the infirmity of a deficient sight  and therefore give no further information in the late invent microscope which  exhibit the latent and invisible minutiae of substance and their hide  formation and motion by wonder increase their apparent magnitude by their  assistance we behold with astonishment the accurate from and outline of a flay  moss and animalculae as well as their previous invisible colour and motion it  be say also that a apparent straight line draw with a pen or pencil be  discover by such a microscope to be very uneven and curve because neither the  motion of the hand when assist by a ruler nor the impression of ink or colour  be real regular although the irregularity be so minute as not to be  perceptible without the assistance of the microscope man have as be usual in  new and wonder discovery add a superstitious remark that the microscope shed a  lustre on the work of nature and dishonour on those of be which only mean that  the tissue of nature be much more delicate than that of be for the microscope  be only of use for minute object and Democritus perhaps if he have see it will  have exult in the think of a mean be discover for see his atom which he affirm  to be entire invisible but the inadequacy of these microscope for the  observation of any but the most minute body and even of those if part of a  large body destroy their utility for if the invention can be extend to great  body or the minute part of great body so that a piece of cloth will appear  like a net and the latent minutiae and irregularity of gem liquid urine blood  wound and many other thing can be render visible the great advantage will  without doubt be derive we have a instance of the second kind in the telescope  discover by the wonder exertion of Galileo by the assistance of which a near  intercourse may be open as by boat or vessel between ourselves and the  heavenly object for by its aid we be assure that the milky way be but a knot  or constellation of small star clear define and separate which the ancient  only conjecture to be the case whence it appear to be capable of demonstration  that the space of the planetary orbit as they be term be not quite destitute  of other star but that the heaven begin to glit with star before we arrive at  the starry sphere although they may be too small to be visible without the  telescope by the telescope also we can behold the revolution of small star  round Jupiter whence it may be conjecture that there be several centre of  motion among the star by its assistance also the irregularity of light and  shade on the moon surface be more clear observe and determine so as to allow  of a sort of selenography by the telescope we see the spot in the sun and  other similar phenomenon all of which be most noble discovery as far as credit  can be safe give to demonstration of this nature which be on this account very  suspicious namely that experiment stop at these few and nothing further have  yet be discover by the same method among object equal worthy of consideration  we have instance of the three kind in measure rod astrolabes and the like  which do not enlarge but correct and guide the sight if there be other  instance which assist the other sense in their immediate and individual action  yet if they add nothing further to their information they be not apposite to  our present purpose and we have therefore say nothing of they XL in the  seventeenth rank of prerogative instance we will place cite instance to borrow  a term from the tribunal because they cite those thing to appear which have  not yet appear we be wont also to call they invoke instance and their property  be that of reduce to the sphere of the sense object which do not immediate  fall within it object escape the sense either from their distance or the  intervention of other body or because they be not calculate to make a  impression upon the sense or because they be not in sufficient quantity to  strike the sense or because there be not sufficient time for their act upon  the sense or because the impression be too violent or because the sense be  previous fill and possess by the object so as to leave no room for any new  motion these remark apply principal to sight and next to touch which two sense  act extensive in give information and that too upon general object while the  remain three inform we only as it be by their immediate action and as to  specific object there can be no reduction to the sphere of the sense in the  first case unless in the place of the object which can be perceive on account  of the distance there be add or substitute some other object which can excite  and strike the sense from a great distance as in the communication of  intelligence by fire bell and the like in the second case we effect this  reduction by render those thing which be conceal by the interposition of other  body and which can easy be lie open evident to the sense by mean of that which  lie at the surface or proceed from the interior thus the state of the body be  judge of by the pulse urine etcetera the three and four case apply to many  subject and the reduction to the sphere of the sense must be obtain from every  quarter in the investigation of thing there be many example it be obvious that  air and spirit and the like who whole substance be extreme rare and delicate  can neither be see nor touched--a reduction therefore to the sense become  necessary in every investigation relate to such body let the require nature  therefore be the action and motion of the spirit enclose in tangible body for  every tangible body with which we be acquaint contain a invisible and  intangible spirit over which it be draw and which it seem to cloth this spirit  be emit from a tangible substance leave the body contract and dry when retain  it soften and melt it when neither whole emit nor retain it model it endow it  with limb assimilate manifest organizes it and the like all these point be  reduce to the sphere of the sense by manifest effect for in every tangible and  inanimate body the enclose spirit at first increase and as it be feed on the  tangible part which be most open and prepare for it and when it have digest  and modify they and turn they into spirit it escape with they this formation  and increase of spirit be render sensible by the diminution of weight for in  every desiccation something be lose in quantity not only of the spirit  previous exist in the body but of the body itself which be previous tangible  and have be recent change for the spirit itself have no weight the departure  or emission of spirit be render sensible in the rust of metal and other  putrefaction of a like nature which stop before they arrive at the rudiment of  life which belong to the three species of process in compact body the spirit  do not find poor and passage for its escape and be therefore oblige to force  out and drive before it the tangible part also which consequent protrude  whence arise rust and the like the contraction of the tangible part occasion  by the emission of part of the spirit whence arise desiccation be render  sensible by the increase hardness of the substance and still more by the  fissure contraction shrivelling and fold of the body thus produce for the part  of wood split and contract skin become shrivel and not only that but if the  spirit be emit sudden by the heat of the fire become so hasty contract as to  twist and roll themselves up on the contrary when the spirit be retain and yet  expand and excite by heat or the like which happen in solid and tenacious body  then the body be soften as in hot iron or flow as in metal or melt as in gum  wax and the like the contrary effect of heat therefore harden some substance  and melt other be easy reconcile because the spirit be emit in the former and  agitate and retain in the latter the latter action be that of heat and the  spirit the former that of the tangible part themselves after the spirit  emission but when the spirit be neither entire retain nor emit but only strive  and exercise itself within its limit and meet with tangible part which obey  and ready follow it wherever it lead they then follow the formation of a  organic body and of limb and the other vital action of vegetable and animal  these be render sensible chief by diligent observation of the first beginning  and rudiment or effect of life in animalculae spring from putrefaction as in  the egg of ant worm moss frog after rain etcetera both a mild heat and a  pliant substance however be necessary for the production of life in order that  the spirit may neither hasty escape nor be restrain by the obstinacy of the  part so as not to be able to bend and model they like wax again the difference  of spirit which be important and of effect in many point as unconnected spirit  branch spirit branch and cellular spirit the first of which be that of all  inanimate substance the second of vegetable and the three of animal be place  as it be before the eye by many reduce instance again it be clear that the  more refine tissue and conformation of thing though from the whole body of  visible or tangible object be neither visible nor tangible our information  therefore must here also be derive from reduction to the sphere of the sense  but the most radical and primary difference of formation depend on the  abundance or scarcity of matter within the same space or dimension for the  other formation which regard the dissimilarity of the part contain in the same  body and their collocation and position be secondary in comparison with the  former let the require nature then be the expansion or coherence of matter in  different body or the quantity of matter relative to the dimension of each for  there be nothing in nature more true than the twofold proposition that nothing  proceed from nothing and that nothing be reduce to nothing but that the  quantum or sum total of matter be constant and be neither increase nor  diminish nor be it less true that out of this give quantity of matter there be  a great or less quantity contain within the same space or dimension accord to  the difference of body as for instance water contain more than air so that if  any one be to assert that a give content of water can be change into a equal  content of air it be the same as if he be to assert that something can be  reduce into nothing on the contrary if any one be to assert that a give  content of air can be change into a equal content of water it be the same as  if he be to assert that something can proceed from nothing from this abundance  or scarcity of matter be proper derive the notion of density and rarity which  be take in various and promiscuous sense this three assertion may be consider  as be also sufficient certain namely that the great or less quantity of matter  in this or that body may by comparison be reduce to calculation and exact or  near exact proportion thus if one shall say that there be such a accumulation  of matter in a give quantity of gold that it will require twenty-one time the  quantity in dimension of spirit of wine to make up the same quantity of matter  it will not be far from the truth the accumulation of matter however and its  relative quantity be render sensible by weight for weight be proportionate to  the quantity of matter as regard the part of a tangible substance but spirit  and its quantity of matter be not to be compute by weight which spirit rather  diminish than augment we have make a tolerable accurate table of weight in  which we have select the weight and size of all the metal the principal  mineral stone liquid oil and many other natural and artificial body a very  useful proceed both as regard theory and practice and which be capable of  reveal many unexpected result nor be this of little consequence that it serve  to demonstrate that the whole range of the variety of tangible body with which  we be acquaint we mean tolerable close and not spungy hollow body which be for  a considerable part fill with air do not exceed the ratio of one to twenty-one  so limit be nature or at least that part of it to which we be most habituate  we have also think it deserve our industry to try if we can arrive at the  ratio of intangible or pneumatic body to tangible body which we attempt by the  follow contrivance we take a vial capable of contain about a ounce use a small  vessel in order to effect the subsequent evaporation with less heat we fill  this vial almost to the neck with spirit of wine select it as the tangible  body which by our table be the rare and contain a less quantity of matter in a  give space than all other tangible body which be compact and not hollow then  we note exact the weight of the liquid and vial we next take a bladder contain  about two pint and squeeze all the air out of it as complete as possible and  until the side of the bladder meet we first however rub the bladder gentle  with oil so as to make it air-tight by close its poor with the oil we tie the  bladder tie round the mouth of the vial which we have insert in it and with a  piece of wax thread to make it fit better and more tie and then place the vial  on some hot coal in a brazier the vapour or steam of the spirit dilate and  become aeriform by the heat gradual swell out the bladder and stretch it in  every direction like a sail as soon as that be accomplish we remove the vial  from the fire and place it on a carpet that it may not be crack by the cold we  also prick the bladder immediate that the steam may not return to a liquid  state by the cessation of heat and confound the proportion we then remove the  bladder and again take the weight of the spirit which remain and so calculate  the quantity which have be convert into vapour or a aeriform shape and then  examine how much space have be occupy by the body in its from of spirit of  wine in the vial and how much on the other hand have be occupy by it in its  aeriform shape in the bladder and subtract the result from which it be clear  that the body thus convert and change acquire a expansion of one hundred time  beyond its former bulk again let the require nature be heat or cold of such a  degree as not to be sensible from its weakness they be render sensible by the  thermometer as we describe it above for the cold and heat be not actual  perceive by the touch but heat expand and cold contract the air nor again be  that expansion or contraction of the air in itself visible but the air when  expand depress the water and when contract raise it which be the first  reduction to sight again let the require nature be the mixture of body namely  how much aqueous oleaginous or spirituous ashy or salt part they contain or as  a particular example how much butter cheese and whey there be in milk and the  like these thing be render sensible by artificial and skilful separation in  tangible substance and the nature of the spirit in they though not immediate  perceptible be nevertheless discover by the various motion and effort of body  and indeed in this branch man have labour hard in distillation and artificial  separation but with little more success than in their other experiment now in  use their method be mere guess and blind attempt and more industrious than  intelligent and what be worst of all without any imitation or rivalry of  nature but rather by violent heat and too energetic agent to the destruction  of any delicate conformation in which principal consist the hide virtue and  sympathy nor do man in these separation ever attend to or observe what we have  before point out namely that in attack body by fire or other method many  quality be superinduce by the fire itself and the other body use to effect the  separation which be not original in the compound hence arise most  extraordinary fallacy for the mass of vapour which be emit from water by fire  for instance do not exist as vapour or air in the water but be chief create by  the expansion of the water by the heat of the fire so in general all delicate  experiment on natural or artificial body by which the genuine be distinguish  from the adulterate and the better from the more common shall be refer to this  division for they bring that which be not the object of the sense within their  sphere they be therefore to be everywhere diligent seek after with regard to  the five cause of object escape our sense it be clear that the action of the  sense take place by motion and this motion be time if therefore the motion of  any body be either so slow or so swift as not to be proportion to the  necessary momentum which operate on the sense the object be not perceive at  all as in the motion of the hour hand and that again of a musket ball the  motion which be imperceptible by the sense from its slowness be ready and  usual render sensible by the accumulation of motion that which be  imperceptible from its velocity have not as yet be well measure it be  necessary however that this shall be do in some case with a view to a proper  investigation of nature the six case where the sense be impede by the power of  the object admit of a reduction to the sensible sphere either by remove the  object to a great distance or by deaden its effect by the interposition of a  medium which may weaken and not destroy the object or by the admission of its  reflection where the direct impression be too strong as that of the sun in a  basin of water the seven case where the sense be so overcharge with the object  as to leave no further room scarce occur except in the smell or taste and be  not of much consequence as regard our present subject let what we have say  therefore suffice with regard to the reduction to the sensible sphere of  object not natural within its compass sometime however this reduction be not  extend to the sense of man but to those of some other animal who sense in some  point exceed those of man as with regard to some scent to that of the dog and  with regard to light exist imperceptible in the air when not illuminate from  any extraneous source to the sense of the cat the owl and other animal which  see by night for Telesius have well observe that there appear to be a original  portion of light even in the air itself although but slight and meager and of  no use for the most part to the eye of man and those of the generality of  animal because those animal to who sense this light be proportion can see by  night which do not in all probability proceed from their see either without  light or by any internal light here too we will observe that we at present  discuss only the want of the sense and their remedy for their deception must  be refer to the inquiry appropriate to the sense and sensible object except  that important deception which make they define object in their relation to  man and not in their relation to the universe and which be only correct by  universal reason and philosophy xli in the eighteenth rank of prerogative  instance we will class the instance of the road which we be also wont to call  itinerant and joint instance they be such as indicate the gradual continue  motion of nature this species of instance escape rather our observation than  our sense for man be wonder indolent upon this subject consult nature in a  desultory manner and at periodic interval when body have be regular finish and  complete and not during her work but if any one be desirous of examine and  contemplate the talon and industry of a artificer he will not mere wish to see  the rude material of his be and then his work when finish but rather to be  present while he be at labour and proceed with his work something of the same  kind shall be do with regard to nature for instance if any one investigate the  vegetation of plant he shall observe from the first sow of any seed which can  easy be do by pull up every day seed which have be two three or four day in  the ground and examine they diligent how and when the seed begin to swell and  break and be fill as it be with spirit then how it begin to burst the bark and  push out fiber raise itself a little at the same time unless the ground be  very stiff then how it push out these fiber some downward for root other  upward for the stem sometime also creep lateral if it find the earth open and  more yield on one side and the like the same shall be do in observe the hatch  of egg where we may easy see the process of animation and organization and  what part be from of the yolk and what of the white of the egg and the like  the same may be say of the inquiry into the formation of animal from  putrefaction for it will not be so humane to inquire into perfect and  terrestrial animal by cut the foetus from the womb but opportunity may perhaps  be offer of abortion animal kill in hunt and the like nature therefore must as  it be be watch as be more easy observe by night than by day for contemplation  of this kind may be consider as carry on by night from the minuteness and  perpetual burn of our watch light the same must be attempt with inanimate  object which we have ourselves do by inquire into the open of liquid by fire  for the mode in which water expand be different from that observe in wine  vinegar or verjuice and very different again from that observe in milk and oil  and the like and this be easy see by boil they with slow heat in a glass  vessel through which the whole may be clear perceive but we mere mention this  intend to treat of it more at large and more close when we come to the  discovery of the latent process for it shall always be remember that we do not  here treat of thing themselves but mere propose example