natural history III century all sound whatsoever move round that be to say on  all side upward downward forward and backward this appear in all instance  sound do not require to be convey to the sense in a right line as visible do  but may be arch though it be true they move strong in a right line which  nevertheless be not cause by the rightness of the line but by the shortness of  the distance linea virtue short and therefore we see if a wall be between and  you speak on the one side you hear it on the other which be not because the  sound pass through the wall but arch over the wall if the sound be stop and  Reperenssed it come about on the other side in a oblique line so if in a Coach  one side of the boot be down and the other up and a beggar beg on the close  side you will think that he be on the open side so likewise if a bell or clock  be for example on the north side of a Chamber and the window of that Chamber  be upon the south he that be in the Chamber will think the sound come from the  south sound though they spread round so that there be a orb or spherical  open space of the sound yet they move strong and go further in the before line  from the first local impulsion of the air and therefore in preach you shall  hear the preacher voice better before the pulpit than behind it or on the side  though it stand open so a Plarquebuz or ordnance will be further hear forward  from the mouth of the piece than backward or on the side it may be doubt that  sound do move better downward than upward pulpit be place high above the  people and when the ancient general speak to their army they have ever a mount  of turf cast up whereupon they stand but this may be impute to the stop and  obstacle which the voice meet with when one speak upon the level but there  seem to be more in it for it may be that spiritual species both of thing  visible and sound do move better downward than upward it be a strange thing  that to man stand below on the ground those that be on the top of Paul seem  much less then they be and can be know but to man above those below seem  nothing so much lessen and may be know yet it be true that all thing to they  above seem also somewhat contract and better collect into figure as knot in  garden show best from a Upper window or terrace but to make a exact trial of  it let a man stand in a Chamber not much above the ground and speak out at the  window through a trunk to one stand on the ground as soft as he can the other  lie his ear close to the trunk then way line let the other speak below keep  the same proportion of softness and let he in the Chamber lie his ear to the  trunk and this may be the apt mean to make a judgement whether sound descend  or ascend better after that sound be create which be in a moment we find it  continue some small time melt by little and little in this there be a wonder  error among man who take this to be a continuance of the first sound whereas  in truth it be a renovation and not a continuance for the body percussed have  by reason of the percussion a trepidation wrought in the minute part and so  renew the percussion of the air this appear manifest because that the melt  sound of a bell or of a string strike which be think to be a continuance cease  as soon as the bell or string be touch as in a virginal as soon as ever the  jack fall and touch the string the sound cease and in a bell after you have  chime upon it if you touch the bell the sound cease and in this you must  distinguish that there be two trepidation the one manifest and local as of the  bell when it be pensile the other secret of the minute part such as be  describe in the that instance but it be true that the local help the secret  great'y we see likewise that in pipe and other wind instrument the sound last  no long than the breath blow it be true that in organ there be a confuse  murmur for a while after you have play but that be but while the bellows be in  fall it be certain that in the noise of great ordnance where many be shoot off  together the sound will be carry at the least twenty mile upon the land and  much further upon the water but then it will come to the ear not in the  instant of the shoot off but it will come a hour or more late this must needs  be a continuance of the first sound for there be no trepidation which shall  renew it and the touch of the ordnance will not extinguish the sound the soon  so that in great sound the continuance be more than momentany to try exact the  time wherein sound be delate let a man stand in a steeple and have with he a  taper and let some veil be put before the Tapar and let another man stand in  the field a mile off then let he in the steeple strike the bell and in the  same instant withdraw the veil and so let he in the field tell by his pulse  what distance of time there be between the light see and the sound hear for it  be certain that the delation of light be in a instant this may be try in far  great distance allow great light and sound it be general know and observe that  light and the object of sight move swift than sound for we see the flash of a  piece be see soon than the noise be hear and in flewing wood if one be some  distance off he shall see the arm lift up for a second stroke before he hear  the noise of the first and the great the distance the great be the prevention  as we see in Thunder which be far off where the lightning precede the crack a  good space colour when they represent themselves to the eye fade not nor melt  not by degree but appear still in the same strength but sound melt and vanish  by little and little the Cause be for that colour participate nothing with the  motion of the air but sound do and it be a plain argument that sound  participate of some local motion of the air as a Cause without quAnon in that  it perish so sudden for in every section or impulsion of the air the air do  sudden restore and reunite it self which the water also do but nothing so  swift in the trial of the passage or not passage of sound you must take heed  you mistake not the pass by the side of a body for the pass through a body and  therefore you must make the intercept body very close for sound will pass  through a small Chincke where sound pass through a hard or close body as  through water through a wall through metal as in hawk bell stop c the hard or  close body must be but thin and small for else it dead and extinguish the  sound utter and therefore in the experiment of speak in air under water the  voice must not be very deep within the water for then the sound pierce not so  if you speak on the further side of a close wall if the wall be very thick you  shall not be hear and if there be a hogshead empty whereof the side be some  two foot thick and the bunghole stop I conceive the resound sound by the  communication of the outward air with the air within will be little or none  but only you shall hear the noise of the outward knock as if the vessel be  full it be certain that in the passage of sound through hard body the spirit  of pneumatical part of the hard body it self do cooperate but much better when  the side of that hard body be strike than when the percussion be only within  without touch of the side take therefore a hawk bell the hold stop up and hang  it by a thread within a bottle glass and stop the mouth of the glass very  close with wax and then shake the glass and see whether the bell give any  sound at all or how weak but note that you must in stead of the thread take a  wire or else let the glass have a great belly lest when you shake the bell it  dash upon the side of the glass it be plain that a very long and down right  arch for the sound to pass will extinguish the sound quite so that that sound  which will be hear over a wall will not be hear over a church nor that sound  which will be hear if you stand some distance from the wall will be hear if  you stand close under the wall soft and foraminous body in the first creation  of the sound will dead it for the strike against Cloth or fur will make little  sound as have be say but in the passage of the sound they will admit it better  than hard body as we see that curtain and hang will not stay the sound much  but glass window if they be very close will check a sound more than the like  thickness of Cloth we see also in the rumble of the belly how easy the sound  pass through the gut and skin it be worthy the enquiry whether great sound as  of ordnance or bell become not more weak and exile when they pass through  small cranny for the subtlety of articulate sound it may be may pass through  small cranny not confuse but the magnitude of the sound perhaps not so well  the medium of sound be air soft and porous body also water and hard body  refuse not altogether to be medium of sound but all of they be dull and unapt  deferents except the air in air the thin or dry air carry not the sound so  well as the more dense as appear in night sound and evening sound and sound in  moist weather and southern wind the reason be already mention in the Title of  Maioration of sound be for that thin air be better pierce but thick air  preserve the sound better from be let further trial be make by hollow in miss  and gentle shower for it may be that will somewhat dead the sound how farforth  flame may be a medium of sound especial of such sound as be create by air and  not betwixt hard body let it be try in speak where a Bonsire be between but  then you must allow for some disturbance the noise that the flame it self make  whether any other liquor be make medium cause a diversity of sound from water  it may be try as by the knapping of the tongue or strike of the bottom of a  vessel fill either with milk or with oil which though they be more light yet  be they more unequal body than air of the nature of the medium we have now  speak as for the disposition of the say medium it do consist in the pen or not  pen of the air of which we have speak before in the Title of delation of sound  it consist also in the figure of the concave through which it pass of which we  will speak next how the figure of pipe or Concaues through which sound pass or  of other body deferent conduce to the variety and alteration of the sound  either in respect of the great quantity or less quantity of air which the  Concaues receive or in respect of the carry of sound long or short way or in  respect of many other circumstance they have be touch as fall into other title  but those figure which we now be to speak of we intend to be as they concern  the line through which sound pass as straight Crooked angular circular c the  figure of a bell partake of the pyramid but yet come off and dilate more  sudden the figure of a hunter horn and cornet be oblique yet they have  likewise straight hero which if they be of the same boar with the oblique  differ little in sound save that the straight require somewhat a strong blast  the figure of recorder and flates and pipe be straight but the recorder have a  less boar and a great above and below the Trumpts have the figure of the  letter S which make that purl sound c general the straight like have the clean  and round sound and the Crooked the more hoarse and larring of a Sinnous Pipe  that may have some four flexion trial will be make likewise of a Pipe make  like a cross open in the amid and so likewise of a angular Pipe and see what  will be the effect of these several sound and so again of a circular Pipe as  if you take a Pipe perfect round and make a hold whereinto you shall blow and  another hold not far from that but with a traverse or stop between they so  that your breath may go the round of the circle and come forth at the second  hold you may try likewise Perssions of solid body of several figure as globe  flare Cobes Croffes triangle c and their Combinasions as flat against flat and  coex against con and con against flat c and mark well the diversity of the  sound Tri the difference in sound of several Crasitudre of hard body percussed  and take knowledge of the of the sound I my self have try that a bell of gold  yield a excellent sound not infariour to that of silver or brass but rather  better yet we see that a piece of money of gold sound far more flat than a  piece of money of silver the harp have the concave not along the string but  across the string and no instrument have the sound so melt and prolong as the  Irish harp so as I suppose that if a virginal be make with a double concave  the one all the length as the virginal have the other at the end of the string  as the harp have it must needs make the sound perfect and not so shallow and  jar you may try it without any sound board along but only harp wise at one end  of the string or last with a double concave at each end of the string one  there be a apparent diversity between the species visible and audible in this  that the visible do not mingle in the medium but the audible do for if we look  abroad we see heaven a number of star tree hill man beast at once and the  species of the one do not confound the other but if so many sound come from  several part one of they will utter confound the other so we see that voice or  consort of music do make a harmony by mixture which colour do not it be true  nevertheless that a great light drown a small that it can be see as the sun  that of a gloworm as well as a great sound drown a lesser and I suppose  likewise that if there be two lantern of glass the one a Grimsin and the other  a azure and a candle within either of they those colour light will mingle and  cast upon a white paper purple colour and even in colour they yield a faint  and weak mixture for white wall make room more lightsome than black c but the  Cause of the confusion in sound and the inconfusion in species visible be for  that the sight work in right line and make several Cones and so there can be  no coincidence in the eye or visual point but sound that move in oblique and  arcuate line must needs encounter and disturb the one the other the sweet and  best harmony be when every part or instrument be not hear by it self but a  conflation of they all which require to stand some distance off even as it be  in the mixture of perfume or the take of the smell of several flower in the  air the disposition of the air in other quality except it be join with sound  have no great operation upon sound for whether the air be lightsome or dark  hot or cold quiet or stir except it be with noise sweet smell or stink or the  like it import not much some petty alteration or difference it may make but  sound do disturb and alter the one the other sometime the one drown the other  and make it not hear sometime the one larring and discord with the other and  make a confusion sometime the one mingle and compound with the other and make  a harmony two voice of like lowdnesse will not be hear twice as far as one of  they alone and two candle of like light will not make thing see twice as far  off as one the Cause be profound but it seem that the impression from the  object of the sense do mingle respective every one with his kind but not in  proportion as be before demonstrate and the reason may be because the first  impression which be from privative to active as from silence to noise or from  darkness to light be a great degree than from less noise to more noise or from  less light to more light and the reason of that again may be for that the air  after it have receive a charge do not receive a surcharge or great charge with  like appetite as it do the first charge as for the increase of virtue general  what proportion it bear to the increase of the matter it be a large field and  to be handle by it self all reflection concurrent do make sound great but if  the body that create either the original sound or the reflection be clean and  smooth it make they sweet trial may be make of a lute or violent with the  belly of polish brass in stead of wood we see that even in the open air the  wire string be sweet than the string of gut and we see that for reflection  water excel as in music near the water or in echo it have be try that a Pipe a  little moisten on the inside but yet so as there be no drop leave make a more  solemn sound than if the Pipe be dry but yet with a sweet degree of sibilation  or purl as we touch it before in the title of equality the Cause be for that  all thing porous be superficial wet and as it be between dry and wet become a  little more even and smooth but the purl which must needs proceed of  inequality I take to be breed between the smoothness of the in ward surface of  the Pipe which be wet and the rest of the wood of the Pipe unto which the Wet  come nor but it remain dry in frosty weather Mosicke within door sound better  which may be by reason not of the disposition of the air but of the wood or  string of the instrument which be make more crisp and so more porous and  hollow and we see that old lute sound better than new for the same reason and  so do lute string that have be keep long sound be likewise meliorate by the  mingle of open air with pen air therefore trial may be make of a lute or  violent with a double belly make another belly with a knot oliet the string  yet so as there be room enough for the string and room enough to play below  that belly trial may be make also of a Irish harp with a concave on both side  whereas seth to have it but on one side the doubt may be lest it shall make  too much resound whereby one note will overtake anot if you sing into the hold  of a drum it make the sing more sweet and so I conceive it will if it be a  song in part sing into several drum and for handsomeness and strangeness sake  it will not be amiss to have a curtain between the place where the drum be and  the hearer when a sound be create in a wind instrument between the breath and  the air yet if the sound be communicate with a more equal body of the Pipe it  meliorate the sound for no doubt there will be a differ sound in a trumpet or  Pipe of wood and again in a trumpet or Pipe of brass it be good to try  recorder and hunter horn of brass what the sound will be sound be meliorate by  the intention of the sense where the common sense be collect most to the  particular sense of hear and the sight suspend and therefore sound be sweet as  well as great in the night than in the day and I suppose they be sweet to  blind man than to other and it be manifest that between sleep and wake when  all the sense be bind and suspend music be far sweet than when one be full  wake it be thing strange in nature when it be attentive consider how child and  some bird learn to imitate speech they take no mark at all of the motion of  the mouth of he that speak for bird be as well teach in dark as by light the  sound of speech be very curious and exquisite so one will think it be a lesson  hard to learn it be true that it be do with time and by little and little and  with many essay and proffer but all this discharge not the wonder it will make  a man think though this which we shall say may seem exceed strange that there  be some transmission of spirit and that the spirit of the teacher put in  motion shall work with the spirit of the learner a predisposition to offer to  imitate and so to perfect the imitation by degree but touch operation by  transmission of spirit which be one of the high secret in nature we shall  speak in due place chief when we come to inquire of imagination but as for  imitation it be certain that there be in man and other creature a  predisposition to imitate we see how ready ape and monkey be to imitate all  motion of man and in the catch of dotterel we see how the foolish bird play  the Ape in gesture and no man in effect do accompany with other but he learn  ere he be aware some gesture or voice or fashion of the other in imitation of  sound that man shall be the teacher be no part of the matter for bird will  learn one of another and there be no reward by feed or the like give they for  the imitation and beside you shall have parrot that will not only Iimitate  voice but laugh knock squeak of a door upon the hinge or of a cart wheel and  in effect any other noise they hear no beast can imitate the speech of man but  bird only for the Ape it self that be so ready to imitate otherwise attain not  any degree of imitation of speech it be true that I have know a dog that if  one how lead in his ear he will fall a how ling a great while what shall be  the aptness of bird in comparison of beast to imitate the speech of man may be  further inquire we see that beast have those part which they count the  instrument of speech as lip tooth c like unto man than bird as for the neck by  which the throat pass we see many beast have it for the length as much as bird  what better gorge or attire bird have may be further inquire the bird that be  know to be speaker be parrot pie lie daw and raven of which parrot have a  adunque bill but the rest not but I conceive that the Apinesse of bird be not  so much in the conformity of the organ of speech as in their attention for  speech must come by hear and learning and bird give more heed and mark sound  more than beast because natural they be more delight with they and practice  they more as appear in their sing we see also that those that teach bird to  sing do keep they wake to increase their attention we see also that cock bird  among SingingBirds be ever the better singer which may be because they be more  lively and listen more labour and intention to imitate voice do conduce much  to imitation and therefore we see that there be certain Pntvimi that will  represent the voice of player of interlude so to life as if you see they not  you will think they be those player themselves and so the voice of other man  that they hear there have be some that can counterfeit the distance of voice  which be a secondary object of hear in such sort as when they stand fast by  you you will think the speech come from a far off in a fearful manner how this  be do may be further inquire but I see no great use of it but for imposture in  counterfeit ghost or spirit there be three kind of reflection of sound a  reflection concurrent a reflection iterant which we call echo and a super  reflection or a echo of a echo whereof the first have be handle in the Title  of magnitude of sound the latter two we will now speak of the reflection of  species visible mirror you may command because pass in right line they may be  guide to any point but the reflection of sound be hard to master because the  sound fill great space in arch line can be so guide and therefore we see there  have not be practice any mean to make artificial echo and no echo already know  return in a very narrow room the natural echo be make upon wall wood rock hill  and bank as for water be near they make a concurrent echo but be further off  as upon a large river they make a iterant echo for there be no difference  between the concurrent echo and the iterant but the quickness or slowness of  the return but there be no doubt but water do help the delation of echo as  well as it help the Delution of original sound it be certain as have be former  touch that if you speak through a trunk stop at the further end you shall find  a blast return upon your mouth but no sound at all the Cause be for that the  closeness which prefer the original be not able to preserve the reflect sound  beside that echo be seldom create but by loud sound and therefore there be  less hope of artificial echo in air pen in a narrow concave nevertheless it  have be try that one lean over a well of fathom deep and speak though but soft  yet not so soft as a whisper the water return a good audible echo it will be  try whether speak in cave where there be no issue save where you speak will  not yield echo as well do the echo come as the original sound do in a round  orb of air it be good to try the create of the echo where the body  repercussing make a angle as against the return of a wall c also we see that  in mirror there be the like angle of incidence from the object to the glass  and from the glass to the eye and if you strike a ball side long nor full upon  the surface the rebound will be as much the contrary way whether there be any  such Reilience in echo that be whether a man shall hear better if he stand  aside the body repercussing than if he stand where he speak or any where in a  right line between may be try trial likewise will be make by stand near the  place of repercussing than he that speak and again by stand further off than  he that speak and so knowledge will be take whether echo as well as original  sound be not strong near hand there be many place where you shall hear a  number of echo one after another and it be when there be variety of hill or  wood some near some further off so that the return from the further be last  create will be likewise last hear as the voice go round as well towards the  back as towards the front of he that speak so likewise do the echo for you  have many back echo to the place where you stand to make a echo that will  report three or four or five word distinct it be requisite that the body  repercussing be a good distance off for if it be near and yet not so near as  to make a concurrent echo it chap with you upon the sudden it be requisite  likewise that the air be not much pen for air at a great distance pen work the  same effect with air at large in a small distance and therefore in the trial  of speak in the well though the well be deep the voice come back sudden and  will bear the report but of two word for echo upon echo there be a rare  instance thereof in a place which I will now exact describe it be some three  or four mile from parish near a town call pont charenton and some bird bolt  shoot or more from the river of seane the room be a chapel or small church the  wall all stand both at the side and at the end two row of Pillar after the  manner of isle of church also stand the roof all open not so much as any  Embowment near any of the wall leave there be against every Pillar a stack of  billet above a man height which the waterman that bring wood down the seane in  Stacks and not in boat lie there as it seem for their ease speak at the one  end I do hear it return the voice thirteen several time and I have hear of  other that it will return sixteen time for I be there about three of the clock  in the afternoon and it be best as all other echo be in the evening it be  manifest that it be not echo from several place but a toss of the voice as a  ball to and from like to reflection in look glass where if you place one glass  before and another behind you shall see the glass behind with the image within  the glass before and again the glass before in that and diverse such super  reflection till the species a sight at last die for it be every return weak  and more shady in like manner the voice in that chapel create sight a sight  and make succeed super reflection for it melt by degree and every reflection  be weak than the former so that if you speak three word it will perhaps some  three time report you the whole three word and then the two latter word for  some time and then the last word alone for some time still fade and grow weak  and whereas in echo of one return it be much to hear four or five word in this  echo of so many return upon the matter you hear above twenty word for three  the like echo upon echo but only with two report have be observe to be if you  stand between a house and a hill and lure towards the hill for the house will  give a back echo one take it from the other and the latter the weak there be  certain letter that a echo will hardly express as S for one especial be  principial in a word I remember well that when I go to the echo at pont  charenton there be a old Parisian that take it to be the work of spirit and of  good spirit for say he call saten and the echo will not deliver back the devil  name but will say Va'on which be as much in French as be off or Aoid and  thereby I do hap to find that a echo will not return S be but a hiss and a  interior sound echo be some more sudden and chap again as soon as the voice be  deliver as have be partly say other be more deliberate that be give more space  between the voice and the echo which be cause by the local nearness or  distance some will report a long train of word and some a short some more loud  full as loud as the original and sometime more loud and some weak and faint  where echo come from several part at the same distance they must needs make as  it be a choir of echo and so make the report great and even a continue echo  which you shall find in some hill that stand encompass theater like it do not  yet appear that there be refraction in sound as well as in species visible for  I do not think that if a sound shall pass through diverse medium as air Cloth  wood it will deliver the sound in a differ place from that unto which it be  defer which be the proper effect of refraction but Maioration which be also  the work of refraction appear plain in sound as have be handle at full but it  be not by diversity of medium we have obiter for demonstration sake use in  diverse instance the example of the sight and thing visible to illustrate the  nature of sound but we think good now to prosecute that comparison more full  consent OF visible and audibles both of they spread themselves in round and  fill a whole floor or orb unto certain limit and be carry a great way and do  languish and lessen by degree accord to the distance of the object from the  sensories both of they have the whole species in every small portion of the  air or medium so as the species do pass through small cranny without confusion  as we see ordinary in level as to the eye and in cranny or chink as to the  sound both of they be of a sudden and easy generation and delation and  likewise perish swift and sudden as if you remove the light or touch the body  that give the sound both of they do receive and carry exquisite and accurate  difference as of colour figure motion distance in visible and of articulate  voice tone song and quaverings in audibles both of they in their virtue and  work do not appear to emit any corporal substance into their medium or the orb  of their virtue neither again to raise or stir any evident local motion in  their medium as they pass but only to carrry certain spiritual species the  perfect knowledge of the Cause whereof be hitherto scarce attain we shall  search and handle in due place both of they seem not to generate or produce  any other effect in nature but such as appertain to their proper object and  sense and be otherwise barren but both of they in their own proper action do  work three manifest effect the first in that the strong species draw the esser  as the light of the sun the light of a glow worm the report of a ordnance the  voice the second in that a object of surcharge or excess destroy the sense as  the light of the sun the eye a violent sound near the ear the hear the three  in that both of they will be reverberate as in mirror and in echo neither of  they do destroy or hinder the species of the other although they encounter in  the same medium as light or colour hinder not sound nor wear down both of they  affect the sense in live creature and yield object of pleasure and dislike yet  nevertheless the object of they do also if it be well observe affect and work  upon dead thing namely such as have some conformity with the organ of the two  sense as visible work upon a look glass which be like the pupil of the eye and  audibles upon the place of echo which resemble in some sort the cavern and  structure of the ear both of they do diverse work as they have their medium  diverse dispose so a tremble medium as smoke make the object seem to tremble  and a rise or fall medium as wind make the sound to rise or fall to both the  medium which it the most Propout and conducible be air for glass or water c be  not comparable in both of they where the object be fine and accurate it  conduce much to have the sense intentive and erect in so much as you contract  your eye when you will see sharp and erect your ear when you will hear  attentive which in beast that have ear movable be most manifest the beam of  light when they be multiply and conglomerate generate heat which be a  different action from the action of sight and the multiplication and  conglomeration of sound do generate a extreme rarefaction of the air which be  a action materiate differ from the action of sound if it be true which be  ancient report that bird with great shout have fall down dissent OF visible  and audibles the species of visible soeme to be emission of beam from the  object see almost like odour save that they be more Incorporecall but the  species of audibles seem to participate more with local motion like percussion  or impression make upon the air so that whereas all body do seem to work in  two manner either by the communication of their nature or by the impression  and signature of their motion the diffusion of species visible seem to  participate more of the former operation and the species audible of the latter  the species of audibles seem to be carry more manifest through the air than  the species of visible for I conceive that a contrary strong wind will not  much hinder the sight of visible as it will do the hear of sound there be one  difference above all other between visible and audibles that be the most  remarkable as that whereupon many small difference do depend namely that  visible except light be carry in right line and audibles in be line Heriee it  come to pass that visible do not intermingle and confound one another as have  be say before but sound do hence it come that the solidity of body do not much  hinder the sight so that the body be clear and the poor in a right line as in  glass crystal diamond water c but a thin scarce or handkerchief though they be  body nothing so solid hinder the sight whereas contrariwise these porous body  do not much hinder the hear but solid body do almost stop it or at the least  attenuate it hence also it come that to the reflection of visible small glass  suffice but to the reverberation of audibles be require great space as have  likewise be say before visible be see further off than sound be hear allow  nevertheless the rate of their bigness for otherwise a great sound will be  hear further off than a small body see visible require general some distance  between the object and the eye to be better see whereas in audibles the near  the approach of the sound be to the sense the better but in this there may be  a double error the one because to see there be require light and any thing  that touch the pupil of the eye all over exclude the light for I have hear of  a person very credible who himself be cure of a cataract in one of his eye  that while the silver needle do work upon the sight of his eye to remove the  film of the cataract he never see any thing more clear or perfect than that  white needle which no doubt be because the needle be lesser than the pupil of  the eye and so cokee not the light from it the other error may be for that the  object of sight do strike upon the pupil of the eye direct without any  interception whereas the cave of the ear do hold off the sound a little from  the organ and so nevertheless there be some distance require in both visible  be siflior carry to the sense than audibles as appear in Thunder and lightning  flame and report of a piece motion of the air in hue of wood all which have be  set down heretofore but be proper for this Title I conceive also that the  species of audibles do hang long in the air than those of visible for although  even those of visible do hang some time as we see in ring turn that show like  sphere in lute string fillip a fire brand carry along which leave a train of  light behind it and in the twilight and the like yet I conceive that sound  stay long because they be carry up and down with the wind and because of the  distance of the time in ordnance a discharge and hear twenty mile off in  visible there be not sound object so odious and in grate to the sense as in  audibles for foul sight do rather displease in that they excite the memory of  foul thing than in the immediate object and therefore in those foul sight do  not much offend but in audibles the grate of a see when it be sharpen do  offend so much as it fen the tooth on edge and any of the harsh discord in  music the ear do straight way refuse in visible after great light if you come  sudden into the dark or contrariwise out of the dark into a glare light the  eye be dazzle for a time and the sight confuse not whether any such effect be  after great sound or after a deep silence may be better inquire it be a old  Tradiribit that those that dwell hear the Cn of nil be strike deaf but we find  no such effect in Cannoers not miller not those that dwell upon bridge it seem  that the impression of colour be so weak as it work not but by a cone of  direct beam or right line whereof the basis be in the object and the vertical  point in the eye so as there be a Corraiation and con of beam and those beam  so send forth yet be not of any force to bege the like borrow or second beam  except it be by reflection whereof we speak not for the beam pass and give  little ta to that te which be adjacent which if they do we shall see colour  out of a right line but as this be in colour so otherwise it be in the body of  light for when there be a screen between the candle and the eye yet the light  pass to the paper whereon one writ so that the light be see where the body of  the flame be not see and where any colour if it be place where the body of the  blame be will not be see I judge that sound be of this latter nature for when  two be place on both side of a wall and the voice be hear I judge it be not  only the original sound which pass in a Arebed line but the sound which pass  above the wall in a right line beget the like motion round about it as the  first do though more weak all concord and discord of music be no doubt  sympathy and antipathy of sound and so likewise in that music which we call  break music or consort music some consort of instrument be sweet than other a  thing not sufficient yet observe as the Irish harp and base vial agree well  the recorder and string music agree well organ and the voice agree well c but  the virginal and the lute or the Welsh harp and Irish harp or the voice and  pipe alone agree not so well but for the Melieration of music there be yet  much lest in this point of exquisite consort to try and ehquire there be a  common observation that if a lute or vial be lie upon the back with a small  straw upon one of the string and another lute or vial be lie by it and in the  other lute or vial the unison to that string be strike it will make the string  move which will appear both to the eye and by the straw fall off the like will  be if the diapason or eight to that string be strike either in the same lute  or vial or in other lie by but in one of these there be any report of sound  that can be discern but only motion it be devise that a vial shall have a lie  of wire string below as close to the belly as a lute and then the string of  gut mount upon a bridge as in ordinary vial to the end that by this mean the  upper string strike shall make the low resound by sympathy and so make the  music the better which if it be to purpose then sympathy work as well by  report of sound as by motion but this device I conceive to be of no use  because the upper string which be stop in great variety can maintain a  diapason or unison with the low which be never stop but if it shall be of use  at all it must be in instrument which have no stop as virginal and harp  wherein trial may be make of two row of string distant the one from the other  the experiment of sympathy may be transfer perhaps from instrument of string  to other instrument of sound as to try if there be in one steeple two bell of  unison whether the strike of the one will move the other more than if it be  another accord and so in pipe if they be of equal boar and sound whether a  little straw or feather will move in the one Pipe when the other be blow at a  unison it seem both in ear and eye the instrument of sense have a sympathy or  similitude with that which give the reflection as have be touch before for as  the sight of the eye be like a crystal or glass or water so be the ear a  sinuous cave with a hard bone to stop and reverberate the sound which be like  to the place that report echo when a man yawn he can hear so well the Cause be  for that the membrane of the ear be extend and so rather cast off the sound  than draw it to we hear better when we hold our breath than contrary in so  much as in all listen to attain a sound a far off man hold their breath the  Cause be for that in all expiration the motion be outward and therefore rather  drive away the voice than draw it and beside we see that in all labour to do  thing with any strength we hold the breath and listen after any sound that be  hear with difficulty be a kind of labour let it be try for the help of the  hear and I conceive it likely to succeed to make a instrument like a tunnel  the narrow part whereof may be of the bigness of the hold of the ear and the  broad end much large like a bell at the skirt and the length half a foot or  more and let the narrow end of it be set close to the ear and mark whether any  sound abroad in the open air will not be hear distinct from further distance  than without that instrument be as it be a ear spectacle and I have hear there  be in Spain a instrument in use to be set to the ear that help somewhat those  that be thick of hear if the mouth be shut close nevertheless there be yield  by the roof of the mouth a murmur such as be use by dumb man but if the  nostril be likewise stop on such murmur can be make except it be in the bottom  of the palate towards the throat whereby it appear manifest that a sound in  the mouth except such as aforesaid if the mouth be stop pass from the palate  through the nostril the repercussion of sound which we call echo be a great  argument of the spiritual essence of sound for if it be corporeal the  repercussion shall be create in the same manner and by like instrument with  the original sound but we see what a number of exquisite instrument must  concur in speak of word where of there be no such matter in the return of they  but only a plain stop and repercussion the exquisite difference of articulate  sound carry along in the air show that they can be Signalures or impression in  the air as have be well refute by the ancient for it be true that seal make  excellent impression and so it may be think of sound in their first generation  but then the delation and continuance of they without any new seal show  apparent they can be impression all sound be sudden make and do sudden perish  but neither that nor the exquisite difference of they be matter of so great  admiration for the egg and warble to lute and pipe be as swift and the tongue  which be no very fine instrument do in speech make no few motion than there be  letter in all the word which be utter but that sound shall not only be so  speedy generate but carry so far every way in such a momentany time deserve  more admiration as for example if a man stand in the middle of a field and  speak aloud he shall be hear a furlong in round and that shall be in  articulate sound and those shall be entire in every little portion of the air  and this shall be do in the space of less than a minute the sudden generation  and perish of sound must be one of these two way either that the air suffer  some force by sound and then restore it self as water do which be divide make  many circle till it restore it self to the natural consistence or otherwise  that the air do Willing imbibe the sound as grateful but can maintain it for  that the air have as it shall seem a secret and hide appetite of receive the  sound at the first but then other gross and more materiate quality of the air  straightway suffocate it like unto flame which be generate with alacrity but  straight quench by the enmity of the air or other ambient body there be these  difference in general by which sound be divide musical immusical Triple base  flat sharp soft loud exterior interior clean Harsb or purl articulate  inarticulate we have labour as may appear in this inquisition of sound  diligent both because sound be one of the most hide portion of nature as we  say in the beginning and because it be a virtue which may be call incorporeal  and immateriate whereof there be in nature but few beside we be Willing now in  these our first century to make a pattern or precedent of a exact inquisition  and we shall do the like hereafter in some other subject which require it for  we desire that man shall learn and perceive how severe a thing the true  inquisition of nature be and shall accustom themselves by the light of  particular to enlarge their mind to the amplitude of the world and not reduce  the world to the narrowness of their mind metal give Orlens and fine colour in  dissolution as gold give a excellent Yellow quick silver a excellent green tin  give a excellent azure likewise in their putrefaction or rust as vermilion  Verdegrease bise cirrus c and likewise in their vitrification the Cause be for  that by their strength of body they be able to endure the fire or strong water  and to be put into a equal posture and again to retain part of their principal  spirit which two thing equal posture and quick spirit be require chief to make  colour lightsome it conduce unto long life and to the more gently motion of  the spirit which thereby do less prey and consume the juice of the body either  that man action be free and voluntary that nothing be do to invite Minerva but  secundum genius or on the other side that the action of man be full of  regulation and command within themselves for then the victory and perform of  the command give a good disposition to the spirit especial if there be a  proceed from degree to degree for then the sense of victory be the great a  example of the former of these be in a country life and of the latter in monk  and philosopher and such as do continual enjoin themselves it be certain that  in all body there be a appetite of union and evitation of solution of  continuity and of this appetite there be many degree but the most remarkable  and fit to be distinguish be three the first in liquor the second in hard body  and the three in body clean or tenacious in liquor this appetite be weak we  see in liquor the thread of they in Stillicides as have be say the fall of  they in round drop which be the from of union and the stay of they for a  little time in bubble and froth in the second degree or kind this appetite be  strong as in iron in stone in wood c in the three this appetite be in a medium  between the other two for such body do partly follow the touch of another body  and partly stick and continue to themselves and therefore they rope and draw  themselves in thread as we see in pitch glue birdlime c but note that all  solid body be clean more or less and that they love better the touch of  somewhat that be tangible than of air for water in small quantity cleave to  any thing that be solid and so will metal too if the weight draw it not off  and therefore gold foliate or any metal foliate cleave but those body which be  note to be clammy and cleave be such as have a more indifferent appetite at  once to follow another body and to hold to themselves and therefore they be  common body ill mix and which take more pleasure in a foreign body than in  preserve their own consistence and which have little predominance in drought  or moisture time and heat be fellow in many effect heat dry body that do easy  expire as parchment leave root clay c and so do time or age arefy as in the  same body c heat dissolve and melt body that keep in their spirit as in  diverse liquefactions and so do time in some body of a soft consistence as a  manifest in honey which by age wax more liquid and the like in sugar and so in  old oil which be ever more clear and more hot in medicinable use heat cause  the spirit to search some issue out of the body as in the volatility of metal  and so do time as in the rust of metal but general heat doththat in small time  which age do in long some thing which pass the fire be soft at first and by  time grow hard as the crumb of breed some be hard when they come from the fire  and afterward give again and grow soft as the crust of breed biscuit sweet  meat salt c the Cause be for that in those thing which wax hard with time the  work of the fire be a kind of melt and in those that wax soft with time  contrariwise the wake of the fire be a kind of bake and whatsoever the fire  bake time do in some degree dissolve motion pass from one man to another not  so much by excite imagination as by invitation especial if there be a aptness  or inclination before therefore gape or yawn and stretch do pass from man to  man for that that cause gape and stretch be when the spirit be a little heavy  by any vapour or the like for then they strive as it be to wring out and expel  that which load they so man drowsy and desirous to sleep or before the fit of  a ague do use to yawn and stretch and do likewise yield a voice or sound which  be a interjection of expulsion so that if another be apt and prepare to do the  like he follow by the sight of another so the laugh of another make to laugh  there be some know disease that be infectious and other that be not those that  be infectious be first such as be chief in the spirit and not so much in the  humour and therefore pass easy from body to body such be pestilence Lippitudes  and such like second such as taint the breath which we see pass manifest from  man to man and not invisible as the affect of the spirit do such be  consumption of the lung c three such as come forth to the skin and therefore  taint the air or the body adjacent especial if they consist in a unctuous  substance no apt to dissipate such be scab and Lepronsie fourthly such as be  mere in the humour and not in the spirit breath or exhalation and therefore  they never infect but by touch only and such a touch also as come within the  epidermis as the venom of the French pox and the bite of a mad dog most powder  grow more close and coherent by mixture of water than by mixture of oil though  oil be the thick body as meal c the reason be the congruity of body which if  it be more make a perfect imbibition and incorporation which in most powder be  more between they and water than between they and oil but printer colour  ground and ash do better incorporate with oil much motion and exercise be good  for some body and sit and less motion for other if the body be hot and void of  superfluous moisture too much motion hurt and it be a error in physician to  call too much upon exercise likewise man ought to beware that they use not  exercise and a spare diet both but if much exercise then a plentiful diet and  if spring diet then little exercise the benefit that come of exercise be first  that it send nourishment into the part more forcible second that it help to  Exceme by sweat and so make the part assimilate the more perfect three that it  make the substance of the body more solid and compact and so less apt to be  consume and depredated by the spirit the evil that come of exercise be first  that it make the spirit more hot and predatory second that it do devour  likewise and attenuate too much the moisture of the body three that it make  too great sion especial if it be violent of the inward part which delight more  in rest but general exercise if it be much be no friend to prolongation of  life which be one Cause why woman live long than man because they stir less  some food we may use long and much without Glatting as breed flesh that be not  fat or rank c some other though pleasant glut soon as sweet meat fat meat c  the Cause be for that appetite consist in the emptiness of mouth of the  stomach or possess it with somewhat that be astringent and therefore cold and  dry but thing that be sweet and fat be more fill and do swim and hang more  about the mouth of the stomach and go not down so speedy and again turn soon  to choler which be hot and ever abate the appetite we see also that another  Cause of society be a over custom and of appetite be novelty and therefore  meat if the same be continual take induce loathe to give the reason of the  distaste of society and of the pleasure in novelty and to distinguish not only  in meat and drink but also in motion love company delight study what they be  that custom make more grateful and what more tedious be a large field but for  meat the Cause be attraction which be quick and more excite towards that which  be new than towards that whereof there remain a relish by former use and  general it be a rule that whatsoever be somewhat ingrate at first be make  grateful by custom but whatsoever be too please at first grow quick to satiate