the natural and experimental history OF the from of hot thing the inquisition  of from proceed thus the first aphorism upon the propose nature first there  must be a appearance make before the understanding of all the know instance  which agree in the same nature though the matter be very unlike and this  collection be to be make historically without any over hasty contemplation or  any transcendent subtlety as for example in the from of hot thing convenient  instance in the nature of hot thing the beam of the sun especial in summer and  at noon time the sum beam reflect and keep up close and draw together as among  hill or by wall and especial in burn glass fiery meteor burn lightning the  break out of fire out of the hollow part of hill c all manner of flame solid  thing set on fire natural hot bath liquid thing boil or heat hot smoke and  vapour and the air it self which take a strong and fierce heat if it be shut  in especial in Reverberatories certain sultry hot time by the mere  constitution of the air without any regard of the season or time of the year a  subterraneal air enclose in certain cave especial in winter time all woolly or  hairy thing as beast skin or hide and feather have a kind of warmness in they  all manner of body as well solid as liquid as well thick as thin such as the  air it self be be for a time bring near the fire sparkle out of a flint stone  or out of iron or steel cause by hand strike any kind of body strong rub  together as stone wood cloth c so that sometime Axel tree and nave of wheel be  set on fire and the way of kindle of fire among the west Indian be by  attrition green and moist herb pack and thrust up together as rise and  peasecods and hay be lie up moist will many time take fire unslacked quick  lime have water throw upon it fire when it be first dissolve by strong water  or water fortis in a glass without set any fire to it and so likewise pewter c  but not in such a high degree live creature especial and that continual their  entrail though in the insect the heat be not so palpable perceive by the sense  of feel by reason of the smallness of their body horse dung and the like  excrement of beast be new make strong oil of sulphur and vitriol show the  effect of heat in burn of linen oil of origanum and the like show their effect  of heat also in burn of the tooth a strong spirit of wine right make up will  show the effect of its heat in such manner that if you put the white of a egg  into it it will grow together and be white almost like that of a boil egg and  a piece of breed be throw into it will heat and be like unto a piece of toast  breed spice and hot herb as dragon and old cress c though they be not hot in  the handle neither whole nor yet the powder of they yet be a little chew they  be hot and in a manner burn upon the tongue and the palate of the mouth strong  vinegar and all sharp sour thing lie upon any part where there be no upper  skin as in the eye or upon the tongue or any other part when it be wound or  gall do cause a kind of smart like unto that which be produce by heat also  sharp and violent cold produce a kind of tingle like unto burn the Northern  wind sharp penetrate cold burn c other thing also which I omit for brevity  this we use to call the table of essence and presence the second aphorism  second there be manifestation to be make to the understanding of instance  which be deprive of their nature which be first give they for the from as we  say before ought as well to be absent where the primary nature be absent as be  present where it be present but this will be infinite in all thing wherefore  negative be to be add to the affirmative and privation be only to be look upon  in those subject which be near alley to those other in which the primary  nature be and appear and this we use to call the table of declination or  absence in proximo or the next degree the near instance which be deprive of  the nature of heat a negative or subjunctive instance to the first affirmative  instance the moon and the star and the comet beam be not find hot by the sense  of feel yea one may observe extreme cold season at full moon but the great fix  star when the sun come under they or nigh unto they be think to increase and  exasperate the heat of the sun as it be when the sun be in leo and in the  dog-day six negative to the second instance the sunbeam give not any heat in  that which they call the middle region of the air for which be common give a  tolerable reason for that region or part of the air be neither near unto the  body of the sun from which issue the beam nor yet unto the earth by which the  say beam be reflect and this appear by the top of those hill which be of a  great height where the snow lie continual but on the contrary it have be note  by some that on the top of the peak of tenariff and also of some hill of Peru  the top of the hill have no snow upon they the snow lie low upon the ascent of  the hill and beside the air be not cold upon the top of those hill but very  pierce and sharp so that upon those hill of Peru it prick and hurt the eye  with its too much acrimony and prick the orifice of the ventricle and cause  vomit and it be note by the ancient that on the top of Olympus there be such a  tenuity of air that they who ascend thither be fain to carry with they sponge  steep in water and vinegar and hold they to their mouth and nostril lest the  tenuity or subtilness of the air shall hinder their breathe upon the top of  which mountain it be also say the air be so clear and free from wind and rain  that if the priest have write upon the ash which remain upon Jupiter altar  after the sacrifice have be there offer unto he the letter will remain there  and not be blow away or blot out until the next year and to this hour those  which ascend to the top of tenariff which they do by night and not by day be  call upon and hasten to descend present after sunrising for fear as it shall  seem lest the tenuity of the air shall dissolve their spirit and suffocate  they the reflection of the sunbeam in those country which be nigh unto the  polar circle be very weak and ineffectual in its heat so that the Dutch who  winter in new Zembla when they expect their ship shall be free from the great  heap and mountain of ice which be grow about it in the beginning of the month  of July be frustrate of their hope and force to come away in their ship boat  so that the beam of the sun seem to be of small strength when they be direct  even upon plain ground nor yet when they be reflect unless they be multiply  and unite which happen when the sun grow to be more perpendicular for the  incidence of the beam make more acute Angles so that the line of the beam be  more near whereas contrariwise in great obliquity of the sun the Angles be  very obtuse and consequent the line of the beam more distant but in the mean  time we must note that there may be many operation of the sunbeam and in the  nature of heat which be not proportion to our touch or feel so that in respect  of we they do not operate so far as calefaction or heat but in respect of some  other body they may execute the operation and function of heat let we try such  a experiment as this let there be a glass make and frame of a contrary quality  to a burn glass and let this glass be hold between the sun and our hand and  let we observe whether that will diminish the heat of the sun as a burn glass  do increase it for it be manifest in the optic beam that as the glass be of a  unequal thickness in the middle and on the side so the thing which be see  through they be either more diffuse or more contract so the same shall be in  the matter of heat let it be careful try whether the strong and best make burn  glass can gather up the beam of the moon in such sort as the least degree of  warmness or tepidity may proceed from they and if that degree of tepidity  shall be too weak and subtle to be perceive by the sense of feel let recourse  be have to those kind of weather glass that show the constitution of the air  whether it be hot or cold and let the moon beam fall through a burn glass into  the orifice of this weather glass and observe whether the tepidity do cause  any fall or abatement of the water that be in the say weather glass let the  burn glass be use over some hot thing that be not radious or luminous as a hot  iron or stone which be not read or fire hot or boil water or the like and let  it be observe whether there be any increase or augmentation of heat as there  be in the sunbeam let a burn glass also be try with a common flame one  negative to the three affirmative instance there be no manifest or constant  effect find in comet if so be they also may be reckon among meteor for the  increase the heat of the weather accord to the season of the year though  drought have common be observe to follow also bright beam and column open of  the element and the like be more common see in winter than in summer especial  in extreme cold weather so it be join with drought but thunder and flash of  lightning do seldom happen in winter but only in time of great heat but those  which we call fall or shoot star be common think to consist rather of some  bright vision or slimy matter set on fire than of any strong fiery nature but  of this we will inquire further to the four one there be some coruscation  which yield light but do not burn and those be always without Thunder to the  five one eructation and break out of flame happen in cold country as well as  in hot in island and Greenland as also tree grow in cold country be sometime  more apt to take fire and have more pitch and resin in they than those which  grow in hot country as Fir and Pinetrees and the like but in what situation  and nature of soil such break out use to be that we may add a negative to the  affirmative be not yet sufficient inquire to the six one all manner of flame  be perpetual hot either more or less neither can there any negative be add and  yet it be report that which they call fire fatuus which also sometime hit  against a wall have not much heat in it peradventure like the flame of spirit  of wine or water vitae which be not fierce or scorch yet that seem to be yet a  mild flame which we read of in some grave and credible history that have be  see to appear about the head and hair of young boy and maiden which fire no  way burn their hair but soft seem to flame and play about it and it be certain  that in a night horse have be see when they sweat with travail to have a  certain kind of lightning flash upon they without any manifest scorch heat and  not many year since be see and hold for a kind of miracle a child apron which  be a little stir and rub flash out with fire and sparkle fly out of it which  may happen peradventure by reason of the salt or alum wherewith the apron be  die which may stick upon the apron in scale which with violent rub may be  break and it be most certain that all manner of sugar either candid or  otherwise so it be hard break or scrape in the dark will shine and sparkle  likewise seawater violent stir up with oar will give a light and seem to burn  which kind of burn or light the Spaniard call the Sea-lungs but what kind of  heat that fire or flame yield which seaman in ancient time be wont to call  Castor and Pollux and now in our day be call saint anthony's fire be not yet  certain find out to the seven one whatsoever be fiery and turn into read heat  though it be without flame yet it be perpetual hot neither can there be any  negative add to this affirmative yet there be some thing which seem to be  somewhat near thereunto as rot wood which shine in the night and yet do not  feel hot and the scale of rot fish which also glister in the dark yet seem not  hot if you feel they neither can there be any heat perceive in handle a glow  worm which shine so bright in the dark to the eight one it be not yet through  inquire concern hot bath in what situation and kind of soil they spring out  therefore there be no negative add to the nine one to liquid boil or hot thing  be add a negative of the liquid thing it self in its own nature for there be  not any tangible liquid thing which in its own nature be and constant endure  and remain hot but heat be only cause in it as a additional and acquire nature  and those thing which in power and operation be very hot as the spirit of wine  chemical aromatic oil oil of vitriol and sulphur and the like which after a  little continuance will burn yet at the first touch they be cold the water of  hot natural bath take up in vessel and sever from its spring will grow cold as  well as water heat at the fire oily body indeed be not altogether so cold to  be touch as watery body be and silk be not so cold as linen but these thing  belong to the table of degree of cold to the ten one to a hot or fervent  vapour be add the negative of the nature of the vapour it self such as we find  it for Exnalations out of oily thing though they be easy inflame yet they be  not find to be hot unless they be new exhale from a hot body likewise to a hot  fervent air be add a negative of the nature of the air it self for we do not  find any air to be hot unless it be shut up or chafe or palpable heat by the  sun or by fire or some other hot body to the eleven one there be a negative  add of weather which be cold than it shall be at that season of the year which  happen upon a south east or north east wind blow as also contrary weather  happen when a south or west south west wind blow there be likewise a  inclination to rain especial in winter when it be mild weather and to frost in  sharp cold weather to the twelve one there be a negative add concern air  enclose in cave in the summer time but there must be a more diligent  inquisition make of enclose air for first it be a question and that not  without cause what the nature of the air be of it self concerng in heat and  cold for the air do manifest receive heat from celestial impression and cold  peradventure by the expiration of the earth and again in that which be call  the middle region of the air from cold vapour and snow so that no judgement  can be give of the nature of the air by that air which lie open and abroad but  a true judgement may be give by that which be enclose and shut up and again  that air shall be enclose and shut up in such a vessel or substance which may  not of it self qualify the air either with heat or cold nor easy admit the  force of the air which be without it let trial therefore be make with a  earthen pitcher cover all over with double leather to safeguard it from the  outward air keep in the include air in such a vessel well close for the space  of three or four day and the trial thereof after the open of the vessel may be  make either by the feel it with the hand or by a glass of degree call a  weather glass well and orderly apply to the thirteenth one it be likewise a  question whether tepidity or lukewarmness in wool skin feather and the like be  by reason of some small inherent heat because they be take off from live  creature or by reason of a certain fitness and oiliness which be of a nature  agree with tepidity or mere by reason of the conclusion and fraction of the  air as be speak in the precedent article for all air which be cut off from the  continuation of the outward air seem to have some tepidity or luck warm  smoothness in it let therefore trial of this be make in thready stuff which be  make of linen and not of feather wool or silk which be take from live creature  it be also to be note that all manner of dusts or pulverize thing in which air  be manifest include be less cold than the body of they as we also hold all  manner of scum or froth by reason that it contain air to be less cold than the  liquor it self to the fourteenth one to this there be no negative add for  there be not any thing either tangible or spirital but will heat if it be set  to the fire yet there be this difference that some thing will heat soon as air  oil and water and some will be long a heat as stone and metal but this belong  to the table of degree to the fifteen one to this instance there be no other  negative add but that it be careful to be observe that no sparkle can be draw  out of a flint or out of steel or any other hard substance but there be some  parcel of the substance it self Beatrice off either of the stone or mettle and  that the attrition of the air it self can never produce or engender any  sparkle as it be common believe and those very sparkle by reason of the weight  of the fire body do tend downward rather than upward and at their go out do  turn to a kind of bodily soot to the sixteenth one we hold there can be no  negative add to this instance for there be not any tangible body to be find  that will not manifest heat with attrition or violent rub so that the ancient  do dream that there be no other heat power or virtue in heavenly thing but by  reason of the attrition or chase of the air through a violent wheel about but  concern this or in this kind we must inquire further whether such body or  substance as be shoot out of engine as bullet out of gun do not receive some  degree of heat from the percussion or blow it self so that we find they  somewhat hot after they fall but the air be move rather cool than heat as we  find in wind and in a pair of bellows and the breath of a man mouth draw up  together but this motion be not so violent as to excite heat and it must be do  without intermission and not by parcel so that it be no marvel if it do not  cause any heat to the seventeenth one there must be a more diligent inquiry  make about this instance for green and moist herb and vegetable seem to have  some occult or hide heat within they but that heat be so small and weak that  it can be feel in each several one but be lie and shut up together so that  their spirit can breath out into air but feed and nourish each other then  there arise a manifest heat and sometime a flame when the matter be fit for it  to the eighteenth one also concern this instance there must be a more diligent  enquiry make for quick or unslacked lime seem to take heat by have water throw  upon it either by the union of the heat which before be distract as we say  before of herb lie up close together or by the irritation and exasperation of  the fiery spirit by the water there be some conflict and antiperistasis  between they now which of those two thing may be the cause will more easy  appear if there be oil throw on instead of water for the oil will serve as  well for the unite of the enclose spirit though not for the irritation or  provoke of it also there must be a large experiment or trial make as well in  ash and line of diverse body as by the put in of diverse sort of liquor to the  nineteenth one to this instance be add the negative of other metal which be  more soft and fluid for thin leave of gold dissolve into liquor with the royal  water yield no palpable heat in their dissolve nor lead in water fortis nor  yet quick silver as far as I can remember but silver do excite a little heat  and copper as I remember but pewter do it more manifest and most iron and  steel which in their dissolution cause not only a strong heat but also a  violent kind of boil so that the heat seem to be cause by the conflict when  the strong water do pierce and rend in sunder the part of the body but where  there be less resistance in the body and that they easy yield there be hardly  any heat excite to the twenty one there be no negative to be add to the heat  of creature unless it be of insect by reason of the smallness of their body  for in fish compare with earthly creature there be rather to be note a degree  of heat than a privation in vegetable and plant there be no degree of heat to  be perceive in the feel of they nor in their gum nor in their very marrow be  open but in animal creature there be a great diversity of heat to be find as  well in their part for one be the heat about the heart another in the brain  another about the external part as in their accident as in their vehement  exercitation and fever to the one and twenty one to this instance there be  scarce any negative to be add for the excrement of beast even after they be  old and long eject manifest have some potential heat in they as may be  perceive by their fatten of the ground to the two and twenty one all manner of  liquor which have a great and strong acrimony in they be they either water or  oil do execute the operation of heat in the rend in sunder or divulsion of  body and the adustion or burn of they after some continuance yet at the first  touch of they there can be no heat perceive and they operate accord to the  analogy and poor of the body to which they be apply water king dissolve gold  but not silver and contrariwise water fortis dissolve silver but not gold and  neither of both these water will dissolve glass and so of other to the four  and twenty one let there be a trial of the spirit of wine make in wood or  butter wax or pitch and see if it will any way melt any of they with its heat  for the four and twenty instance show a imitative power of heat in it in  incrustation or hardnings so let there trial be make also in liquefactions or  melt let there also be a trial make or experience try by a glass of degree or  a weather glass and let it have a outward hollow place at the top and put  spirit of wine well rectify into that outward hollow place and let the hollow  place be cover that it may the better contain the heat and let it be observe  whether by its heat it will cause the water to descend to the five and twenty  one drug and herb which be sharp and bite upon the palate much more be take  inward be perceive to be hot let we therefore see upon what other material  they do execute the work and operation of heat seaman do report that when heap  and great mass of drug or spice which have be long shut and heap up together  be open on a sudden they who turn they or take they out first be in great  danger of fever and inflammation of their spirit likewise there may be trial  make whether the powder of such drug or herb will dry lard or other flesh hang  over they as the smoke of fire will to the six and twenty one acrimony or  penetration be as well in cold thing as vinegar and oil of vitriol as in hot  thing as oil of origanum or the like and so likewise in animate thing they  cause pain and smart and in inanimate thing they pull in sunder the part and  consume they neither be there any negative add to this instance and in animate  or live thing there be never any pain but be accompany with some kind of heat  to the seven and twenty one many be the action and operation which be common  both to heat and cold though in a diverse way for snow seem a while after the  handle of it to burn child hand and cold keep flesh from put refaction as well  as fire and heat contract body and make they less and so do cold but it be  better to leave these and the like thing till we come to inquire of cold the  three aphorism three there be appearance to be make before understanding of  instance in which nature of which inquiry be make be accord to more or less  either make comparison of the increase and decrease in the same subject or  make comparison the one with the other in diverse subject for the from of a  thing be the very thing it self and the thing not differ from the from  otherwise than apparency and existency or outward and inward do differ as well  in order to man as to the universe it therefore necessary follow that no  nature must be take for a true from unless it continual decrease when nature  it self decrease and likewise continual increase when nature it self be  increase and this table we common call the table of degree or table of  comparative the table of degree or comparative in heat we will first speak of  those thing in which there be no degree at all of heat but seem only to have a  kind of a potential heat or a disposition or preparation to heat then we will  descend to those thing which be indeed actual and palpable hot to the touch  and of their strength and degree in solid and tangible body there be not any  thing that of its own nature be original hot for there be no stone no metal no  sulphur nothing that may be dig up no wood no water no carcase of a beast that  be hot and the hot water of bath seem to gain their heat by some chance or  accident either by some fire or flame within the earth such as we see be cast  out of mount Aetna and other hill or by the conflict and strife of body as we  see a certain heat excite in the dissolve of iron and pewter so that there be  no degree at all of heat in thing inanimate which can be feel by man yet they  differ in degree of coldness for wood be not so cold as metal but this belong  to the table of degree in coldness yet many inanimate thing be very much  dispose to potential heat and preparation to flame as sulphur Marl and salt  Peter those thing which before be hot as horse dung or lime or peradventure  ash or soot do retain certain hide relic of their first heat so that certain  distillation and separation may be cause in some thing by bury they in horse  dung and heat be excite in lime by cast water upon it as we say before among  vegetable there be not any plant or part thereof as the gum or marrow that  seem hot be touch but as we say before green herb lie up close together do  heat and so the inward feel as that of the palate and stomach yea and to the  outward feel also after they have be apply for a while as in plaster and  ointment some vegetable be hot and some cold there be no part of any beast  after it be dead or sever from the rest of the body wherein man can feel any  heat for horse dung it self retain no heat in it unless it be close lie up or  bury yet all manner of dung seem to have a potential kind of heat as appear by  its fatten and enrich of soil and likewise the carcase of live thing have such  a kind of hide and potential heat so that in church yard where people be bury  daily the earth gather a kind of occult and hide heat which will soon consume  a body that be lie in it than another pure earth and among the Indian as it be  report they have a certain kind of thin and soft web make of bird feather  which have a kind of inbred force by which it will dissolve and melt butter  that be wrap up in it all thing that be of force to fatten and enrich soil as  dung of all sort chalk sea-sand salt and the like have a kind of disposition  to heat every putrefaction have in it self the beginning or ground of some  small heat though it can be perceive by the sense of feel for even those thing  which putrify turn to maggot as flesh and cheese seem not hot when you touch  they neither do that rot wood which shine and glister in the dark feel hot but  there be a kind of heat in putrify thing which some time betray it self by the  smell therefore the first degree of heat which by the sense of feel be  perceive to be hot seem to be the heat of live thing which have a great extent  of degree for the low degree which be in insect be scarce to be feel and the  high degree will hardly reach to that degree of heat which be in the sunbeam  in hot country and season neither be it so sharp and vehement but that you may  endure your hand on it and yet it be report of evenly and some other who be of  a exceed dry constitution of body that be take with a burn fever they be so  hot that you can not endure to hold your hand upon they live creature have  their heat increase in they by motion and exercise by wine and high food  venery burn fever and pain live creature in fever which have intermission in  the beginning of their fit be take with a chilliness and cold and a while  after they grow extreme hot which they likewise do in burn ague and pestilent  fever let further enquiry be make of the comparative heat in diverse creature  as fish four footed beast serpent bird and likewise accord to their several  and special kind as in a lion a kite a man for accord to the common opinion  the inward of fish be not very hot but the entrail of bird be extreme hot as  pigeon hawk and ostrich let there also further enquiry be make of the  comparative heat in the same creature accord to the diversity of its part and  member for milk blood seed egg be find in a mean degree luck warm and less hot  than the outward flesh of a creature when it move or be drive but what degree  of heat be in the brain stomach heart and the rest have not likewise be  inquire of all manner of creature in winter and cold weather be outward cold  but their inward part be think to be the hot thereby the heat of the heaven of  element in the hot country and season be not so in high a degree as to burn  dry wood or straw or light tinder which be make of linen unless it be  corroborate by the help of a burn glass and yet it may draw up vapour out of  moist thing accord to the relation of astronomer there be some star hot than  other some and among the planet next to solemnize mar be the hot then Jupiter  and then Venus luna be cold and Saturn cold of all among the fix star the hot  be that call Sirius then the lion heart or Regulus then the dogstar c the sun  cast most heat when it grow near its perpendicular or zenith which be likewise  so in other planet accord to their portion of heat as for example Jupiter heat  we more when he be in cancer or leo than when he be in Capricornius or  Aquarius the sun and the rest of the planet do heat more when they be in their  Perigaeons by reason of their nearness to the earth than in their Apogaeons  and if it happen at any time the sun to be in his Perigaeon and withal near  his perpendicularity it must needs heat more than when it be in its Perigaeon  but more in obliquity so that the comparison of the exaltation of the planet  ought to be note whether it participate more of obliquity or perpendicularity  accord to the variety of region solemnize and likewise the rest of the planet  be think to yield a great heat when they be near to the great fix star as when  solemnize be in leo it be near cor lion cauda lion and Spica maiden and and  Sirius and Canicula than when it be in cancer where notwithstanding it be near  its perpendicularity and it be credible that the part of the heaven do infuse  the great heat htough it be not perceptible to the feel the more they be adorn  with star especial of the big kind the heat of the heaven be therefore  increase three way by the perpendicularity the propinquity or Perigaeon and by  the conjunction or consort of star howsoever there be a great difference  between the heat of live creature of celestial beam as they come to we and  flame though it be never so weak and all thing heat with fire and liquid thing  or the air it self be much heat by fire for the flame of spirit of wine  especial if it be rarefy and not thrust up together yet be of force to burn  straw or linen or paper which the heat of a creature can never do nor yet the  heat of the sun without the help of a burn glass beside in flame and fire  thing there be many degree in the violence or weakness of heat but of these  there have be no diligent inquisition so that we must of necessity light run  they over of flame therefore that of the spirit of wine seem to be the soft  unless that which they call fire satuus and those flash which be cause by the  sweat of beast be soft next be the flame of porous vegetable as straw rush dry  leave from which the flame of hair or feather do not much differ next unto  this be the flame of wood especial such wood as have not much rozen or pitch  in it and the flame of small wood such as common be make up in faggot be soft  than that of great log and timber and root of tree a trial whereof may be make  in iron furnace in which faggot make of bough of tree be no way useful next to  this as we conceive be the flame of oil tallow and wax and such oily and fat  thing which have not much acrimony in they but the strong heat be in pitch and  resin and more fervent in sulphur and camphire and Marl and salt Peter and  salt after the crude or raw matter be break out and in the compound of these  as gunpowder and Greek fire which be common call wild fire and several kind of  it which have such a obstinate heat that water will hardly put it out we also  hold the flame which proceed out of some imperfect metal to be very strong and  sharp but of all these thing we must inquire further but the flame of fierce  and strong lightning seem to exceed all these for it have sometime melt  perfect iron into drop which none of those other flame can do in fire thing  also there be diverse degree of heat of which also there have be no diligent  inquisition make we hold a most weak heat to be in burn linen such as we use  to kindle fire with and likewise that of spungy wood or dry match such as be  use to fire gun withal next unto these come a burn wood coal or charcoal and  fiery hot brick and the like but of all fire thing we hold fiery metal to be  the most vehement hot as iron and copper c but of these there must be further  inquisition make there be some fire thing far better than some flame for fire  or read hot iron be far hot and more burn than the flame of the spirit of wine  there be also some thing which be not fire but only heat with fire and air  shut up in Reverberatories some do much exceed in heat do flame and fire thing  motion increase heat as we may find by experience in bellows and blow so that  some of the hard kind of metal will not dissolve or melt with a dead fire  without it be blow up let trial be make by burn glass with which as I remember  this may be do as for example if the glass be set at the distance of a span  from the combustible object it will not light nor burn so well as if it be set  as for example at the distance of half a span length and so soft and by degree  be draw to the distance of a whole span length yet the Angles and union of the  beam be the same but the motion it self increase the operation of the heat it  be that those burn which happen when it be a strong wind do proceed further  when they be against the wind than with the wind namely because the flame  Beatrice back with a quick motion when the wind send it back than when the  wind drive it forward flame do not break out or engender unless there be some  concavity in which the flame may move and play unless it be in flatuous and  windy flame of gunpowder and the like where the compression and imprison of  the flame increase the fury of it a anvil be much heat by the hammer so that  if the anvil be of a thin plate we believe it may be heat by strong and  continual blow of the hammer so far as to be read hot as if it have be put in  the fire but this may be make trial of but in such fire thing which be porous  and give space and way for the exercise of the motion of the fire if that  motion be hinder by a strong compression the fire be present put out as when  tinder or a burn snuff of a candle or lamp be press or tread out present the  operation of the fire do cease the approach or set near of a thing to a hot  body increase the heat accord to the degree of approach and the same effect be  in light for the near the object be set to the light the more visible it be  the union of diverse heat increase the heat for a great fire and a little fire  in the same place do somewhat one with the other increase the heat but  lukewarm water put into boil water cool it the remain or long stay in a place  of a hot body increase the heat for the heat continual proceed and issue out  be mix with the heat which be there before so that it multiply the heat for a  fire will not heat a Chamber so much in half a hour as it will do in a whole  hour but it be not so in light for a lamp or a candle set in a place will give  no more light after a long stay than it do at the very first a irritation or  exasperation by the coldness which be round about increase the heat as we find  by fire in frosty weather which we believe to be do not only by the keep in  and contract of the heat which be a kind of unite it but also by exasperation  as when air or a stick be violent draw together it do not fly out again  punctual into its proper place but go further the contrary way so let there be  a diligent trial make by a stick or some such thing thrust into the flame  whether it do not burn soon thrust on the one side of the flame than if it be  thrust into the middle of it the degree of take in or receive of heat be many  and first of all you must note how small and little a heat will alter and in  some measure heat even such thing as be least sit to take heat for a bullet of  lead or any other metal will be somewhat heat by hold it for some time in a  man hand so easy be heat excite and transmit into any thing the body be no way  apparent change of all body air do most easy take and send back heat which may  be easy perceive in the Weatherglasses they be make in this kind take a glass  with a hollow belly and a long and small neck let this glass be turn topsy  turvie the mouth downward and the belly upward and so let it be put into  another glass where there be water touch the bottom of the receive glass with  the mouth of the glass which be put in and let the neck of the glass which be  put lean a little upon the mouth of the receive glass which that it may the  better do let a little wax be lie about the mouth of the low glass but the  mouth must not be quite stop for fear lest for want of succeed air the motion  which we shall present speak be hinder which be very delicate and easy but the  glass which be put in must first have the top of it which be the belly warm  then after the glass be place as we have say the air will retreat and draw it  self up together which before be dilate and spread abroad by heat after a  sufficient pause to quench that acquire heat to such a extent and dimension as  the air at that time shall be when the glass be put in and the water shall be  draw up to such a measure and there must be a long and narrow paper hang about  it and mark out with as many degree as you shall think fit and you shall see  as the time of the day grow hot or cold that the air will contract it self  into the less compass by reason of cold and extend and dilate it self by  reason of heat which shall be perceive by the water ascend when the air close  up together and descend when the air dilate or spread it self abroad and the  sense of the air concern heat and cold be so subtle and exquisite that it go  far beyond the faculty of man feel so that a sun beam or the heat of one  breath and much more the heat of one hand it be lie a top of the glass will  manifest cause the water to descend but we believe that the spirit of beast  have yet a more exquisite feel of heat and cold if it be not hinder and dull  by the mass of the body next to the air we believe those body to be most  sensible of heat which be most immediate change and alter from cold as snow  and ice for they begin to melt and be dissolve with the least heat and luck  warmness next to they peradventure be quick silver next unto it be your fat  body or substance as oil butter and the like then wood then water and last of  all stone and metal which do not easy grow hot especial inward but these be  once hot do retain their heat for a long time so that a brick or a stone or a  hot iron be put into a tub of water for a quarter of a hour space more or less  will hold and keep their heat so that you shall hardly be able to touch they  the lesser the mass of the body be the soon it heat a hot body be lie near to  it which shewetht that all manner of heat with we be in some manner adverse  and contrary to any tangible body heat as concern the humane sense of feel be  a various and respective thing so that if we put our hand when it be cold into  luck warm water the water will seem hot if our hand be hot the same water will  seem cold the four aphorism how poor we be in history every one may easy  perceive by that in the precedent table we have be force not only to insert  tradition and relation instead of history make some question and doubt of the  truth and authority of they but we have also oftentimes be constrain to make  use of these or the like word let trial be make or let it be further inquire  the five aphorism and we use to call the work and office of these three table  the appearance of the instance to the understanding and the appearance be make  the induction it self be to be set a work for upon the appearance of all and  every instance such a nature as may always be present or absent may increase  or decrease with the nature which be propose and shall be as we say before a  limitation of common nature this if the mind do at first and from the  beginning attempt to do affirmative which be leave to it self it always use to  do we shall find ill determine notionals phantasm and imaginary thing and  axiom daily to be amend unless we will accord to the custom of the school  fight for falsehood and yet they will questionless be either better or worse  accord to the faculty and strength of the understanding which operate to God  who be the giver and maker of from or peradventure to angel and understanding  it may belong to know from immediate by way of affirmation and in the  beginning of contemplation but it be a thing indeed beyond man capacity who  can at first proceed only by negative and at the last end with affirmative  after all manner of exclusion the six aphorism there must therefore a solution  and separation of nature be make not by fire but by the mind as by a divine  fire therefore the first work of a true induction be as concern find out of  from a rejection or exclusion of all and singular such nature which be not  find in any instance where the suppose nature be present or that be find in  any instance where the suppose nature be absent or that be find to increase in  any instance when the suppose nature decrease or to decrease when the suppose  nature increase and then after the rejection and exclusion be right and due  make in the second place as in the bottom will remain all volatile opinion fly  up into smoke the solid true and well terminate affirmative from and this be  brief and easy to be speak but we must attain to it by many wind and  circumstance and peradventure we shall not omit any thing that shall make to  this purpose the seven aphorism but we must continual take heed and beware  lest while we seem to attribute so many part to from the thing we speak be  wrest to those from to which man think and contemplation have hitherto be  accustom for in the first place we do not now speak of copulate from which be  as we say before the marriage or conjunction of simple nature by the common  course of the universe as of the lion eagle rise gold and the like for it will  be time to treat of they when we shall come to the hide progression and hide  figurations and the find out of they as they be to be find in substance as  they call they or concrete nature and again those thing which we speak must  not be understand also as concern simple nature of abstract from and idea  either not dermined or ill determine in the matter for when we speak of from  we mean nothing else but those law and determination of a pure act which do  order and constitute some simple nature as heat light weight in any  susceptible matter and subject so that the from of heat or the from of light  be the same thing as the law of heat or the law of light neither do we ever  withdraw our self or recede from the thing themselves and the operative part  therefore when we say as for example in the inquisition of the from of heat  reject tenuity or tenuity be not of the from of heat it be as much as if we  say a man may bring in heat upon a condense or solid body or contrariwise a  man may take or put away heat from a thin and tenuous body and if to any one  it seem that our from also have something of the abstract because they mix and  join together Heterogeneals for the heat of heavenly thing and fire seem to be  very heterogeneal the redness which be fix in the rise or the like and that  redness which be the rainbow or the luster of a opal or a diamond death by  drown burn by a prick of a sword by a apoplexy and by consumption and these do  agree in the nature of heat redness death let he know that he have a  understanding captivate and keep in by custom integrality of thing and by  opinion for it be most certain that these thing though they be heterogeneal  and alien yet they agree in the from or law which ordain heat redness or death  and that humane power can be emancipate and free from the common course of  nature and be enlarge and exalt to new efficient and new way and mean of  operate but only by reveal and invent of such from and yet after this union of  nature which be the most principal thing we will afterward in its proper place  speak of the division and vein of nature as well ordinary as those which be  internal and most true the eight aphorism now we must propose a example of the  exclusion or rejection of nature which by the table of appearance be find to  be not of the from of heat give you in the mean time to understand that not  only each table be sufficient for the rejection of any nature but also each  several instance contain in they for it appear plain by what have be say that  every contradictory instance do destroy what may be think of the from yet  notwithstanding for perspicuities sake and to demonstrate the use of the table  more plain we double or repeat the exclusive a example of the exclusive or  rejection of nature from the from of heat by the beam of the sun reject the  elementary nature by common fire especial fire under ground which be most  remote and seclude from the celestial beam reject the celestial nature by all  manner of Calefactions of body namely mineral vegetable exterior part of  animal or live creature water oil air and the like only by put they near to  the fire or any other hot body reject all manner of variety or more subtle  texture or composure of body by iron and other metal make read hot which heat  other body and yet be no way diminish in their weight or substance reject the  infusion or mixture of the substance of another hot thing by hot water and air  and also by metal and other solid thing heat but not to that degree to be  fiery or read hot reject light by the ray of the moon and other star the sun  only except reject also light by the comparison of read hot iron and the flame  of the spirit of wine of which the read hot iron have more heat and less light  and the spirit of wine more light and less heat reject light also by gold and  other read hot metal which be general of a most thick body reject tenuity or  thinness by air which for the most part be cold and yet remain tenuous and  thin reject also thinness or tenuity by read hot iron which do not swell in  the mass but remain still within the same visible dimension reject local or  expansive motion in general by the dilatation of air in weather glass and the  like which move manifest local and expansively and yet receive no manifest  increase of heat reject also local and expansive motion in general by the easy  tepefaction or make Luke warm of all manner of body without any destruction or  notable alteration reject the destructive nature or violent infusion of any  new nature by the consent and conformity of like operation do by heat and cold  reject both expansive and contractive cold in general by the kindle of heat by  attrition or violent rub together of body reject the principal nature we call  that principal nature which be find positive in nature and be not cause by  precedent nature there be also other nature for we do not make up perfect  table but only set down example all and singular the former nature be not of  the from of heat and man be free of all the foresay nature in his operation  upon heat the nine aphorism in the exclusive be lie the ground and foundation  of the true induction which notwithstanding be not perfect until it be settle  in the affirmative neither be the exclusive any way perfect nor can be so in  the beginning for the exclusive be as it plain appear a rejection of simple  nature and if we yet have not good and true notion of simple nature how can  the exclusive be rectify but some of those which we have speak of as the  notion of the elementary nature the notion of the celestial nature the notion  of tenuity be wander notion that be not well terminate we therefore who both  know and remember what a great work we undertake namely to make the  understanding of man equal to thing and to nature will no way give over with  that which we have already speak but will carry the matter on further and be  frame and distibuting strong help for the use of the understanding which we  will now add and true for the interpret of nature the mind be to be so prepare  and frame that it may hold it self up in the true degree of certitude and yet  think especial in the beginning that those thing which be present do much  depend upon they which after the ten aphorism yet because truth be soon get  out of error than out of confusion we think it be fit to suffer the the  understanding after it have study and ponder upon the three table of the first  appearance such as we have lie they down to prepare it self and attempt the  work of the interpretation of nature in the affirmative as well out of the  instance of the table as of those thing which shall otherwise present  themselves unto he which kind of trial we use to call a permission of the  understanding or a begin interpretation or first the first vindemiation of the  from of heat we must note that the from of the thing be as it plain appear by  what we have speak before in all and each of those instance in which the thing  it self be otherwise it will not be a from so that there can be no  contradictory instance give yet the from be find far more conspicuous and  evident in some instance then in othersome namely in such where the nature of  from be less restrain hinder and reduce into order by other nature and such  instance be call enlightenings or ostensive instance we must therefore proceed  to the first vindemiation of the from of heat in all and singular instance  nature who limitation be heat seem to be a motion which be most plain show in  flame which always move and in boil or seethe liquor which do continual move  and it likewise appear in the hasten and increase of heat make by motion as in  bellows and wind whereof see instance table and likewise in other kind of  motion whereof see instance and table again it be show in the extinction of  fire and heat by a strong compression which stay and cause motion to cease  whereof see instance and table it be also make manifest in this that any kind  of body be destroy or at least notable alter by any kind of fire and strong  and vehement heat whereby it plain appear that heat do cause a tumult and  perturbation and a sharp motion in the inward part of the body which by little  and little incline to a dissolution let that which we have say of motion  namely that it be in place of a genus to heat not that heat engender motion or  that motion engender heat though these be true in some thing but that the very  self heat or the quiddity it self of heat be motion and nothing else but limit  by difference which we will prepresently add after we have set down some  caution to avoid the equivocation a thing hot to the sense be a respective  thing and in order to man and not to the universal and it be right lie as a  effect of heat only in the animal spirit and in it self also it be a different  thing see the same body accord as the sense be predispose bring in the  perceivance both of heat and cold as appear by the instance table neither must  the communication of heat or its transitive nature by which one body lie to  another body that be hot do also grow hot be confound with the from of heat  for heat be one thing and calefactive or cause of heat be another for by the  motion of attrition heat be bring in without any precede heat whereby the  calefactive or causer of heat be exclude from the from of heat and likewise  when heat be make by the approximation or draw near of heat this be not do out  of the from of heat but whole depend upon a high and more common nature namely  the nature of assimilation or multiplication of it self whereof must be a  several inquisition make but the notion of fire be vulgar and nothing worth  for it be compose of the concourse or meeting of heat and brightness in some  one body as in ordinary flame and body heat to the height of be read hot lie  therefore all Equivocals aside we must at last come to the true difference  which limit the motion and bring it into the from of heat the first difference  therefore be that heat be a expansive motion by which the body strive to  dilate and spread abroad it self to grow into a great sphere or dimension than  it hold at first and this difference show it self most manifest in the flame  where the smoke or fat breath do manifest open and dilate it self into flame  it appear also in all boil liquor which manifest swell rise and bubble and  force a way of extend it self till it turn into a body of great extent and  more dilatated than the liquor it self namely into vapour or smoke or air it  show it self also in all manner of wood or combustible thing wherein sometime  there be a sweat and always a evaporation it show it self also in the melt of  metal which be of a most compact body do not easy swell nor dilatate  themselves and yet their spirit after it be dilatated within it self and  consequent desire a great dilatation it thrust and plain drive the thick part  into the liquid and if the heat be increase and make more violent it resolve  and turn much of it into volatile it show it self also in iron or stone which  though they do not melt and run yet they grow soft which appear also in wooden  rod or stick which be heat in hot ember become flexible but this motion be  best discern in the air which by a little heat present and manifest dilatates  it self as by instance table it show it self also in the contrary nature  namely of cold for cold do contract and shrink up all body so that in extreme  cold weather nail will fall out of wall brass will crack and glass also be  heat and present lie in the cold will crack and break the air also with every  slight cold will contract it self as instance table but of these thing we will  speak more at large in the inquisition of cold neither be it to be wonder at  though heat and cold do work many common effect whereof see instance table see  there be two of the follow difference which we will present speak of which  belong unto both nature though in this difference whereof we now speak the  action be diametrical opposite for heat give at expansive and Dilatating  motion and cold give a contract and shrink motion the second difference be a  modification of the first namely this that heat be a expansive motion or a  motion towards the circumference but with this limitation that the body must  withal be carry upward for questionless there be many mix motion as for  example a arrow or a Dart in go forward wheel about and wheel about it go  forward so likewise the motion of heat be both expansive and bear upward this  difference plain appear by put of a fork or iron bar into the fire for if it  be put into the fire perpendicular and hold your hand upon it it will quick  burn your hand which it will not do so sudden if it be put in sideway or low  it also appear by distillation in a descend still such as be use for the  tender kind of flower the smell whereof easy vanish away wherein industry have  invent this way to place the fire upon and not under the still to the end that  it may scorch less for not only flame but all manner of heat natural tend  upward let a trial or experiment of this be make in the contrary nature of  cold namely whether cold do not contract the body descend downward as heat do  dilatate it ascend upward take two iron rod or two glass trunk both of one  bigness and proportion and let they be make somewhat hot and lie a sponge dip  in cold water or some snow under one and upon the other and we believe that  will soon be cold all over which have the snow above it than that which have  the snow beneath it contrary to the effect which be wrought by heat the three  difference be that heat be a motion not uniform expansive in all part but in  some lesser part of the body and withal restrain repel and reverberate so that  it turn to a alternative try and strive motion chafe by the repercussion  whence the rage of heat and fire take it beginning and this difference be most  of all perceive in flame and boil liquor which always quake and swell up in  small parcel and then sink again it be show also in those body which be so  hardly compact together that be heat or fire they do not swell nor increase  their bulk or mass as read hot iron in which be a most sharp heat this appear  also in that that fire scorch most in cold weather likewise it appear by this  that when air be extend in a weather glass without any let or repulsion that  be to say uniform and equal the heat be not perceive likewise in wind which be  enclose and shut up though they break out with a mighty force yet there be no  notable heat perceive because the motion be of the whole and not alternative  by parcel and for this let trial be make whether flame do not burn more sharp  towards the side than in the middle it appear also in this that all manner of  burn be perform through small poor of the body which be burn so that burn do  undermine penetrate dig and prick as if there be a infinite sort of needle and  thence it come that all strong water if they be proportion to the body upon  which they operate do work and operate like fire through their corrode and  pierce nature and this difference whereof we now speak be common to the nature  of cold in which the contractive motion be restrain by the renitency or  opposition of expansion as in heat the expansive motion be restrain by the  retinency or hang back of contraction so that whether the part of the body do  penetrate inward or outward the reason be alike though the strength or force  be very unequal and different for we have not here with we upon the  superficies of the earth any thing that be cold in a extreme degree see  instance table the four difference be a modification of the first namely this  that the motion of prick or penetration must be somewhat swift and not slow  and dull and that it must be do by parcel though small one yet not extreme  small but of a mean bigness this difference appear in compare of the operation  do by fire with those which be perform by time or age for age or time dry up  consume ruin and turn to ash as well as fire or rather more subtle but because  such a kind of motion be very slow and be wrought upon very small parcel the  heat be not perceive it appear also in compare the dissolvings of iron and  gold for gold be dissolve without raise any heat but iron with a most vehement  stir up of heat though for the time it be almost in the same quantity because  that in gold the ingress or entrance of the water of separation be mild and  insinuate it self subtle and the part of the gold do yield easy but in iron  the ingress be harsh and with some conflict and the part of the iron show more  obstinacy it appear also in some gangrene and mortification of the flesh which  do not cause any great heat or pain by reason of the subtilness of the  putrefaction and let this be the first vindemiation or inchoated  interpretation of the from of heat make by the permission of the understanding  and by this first vindemiation the from or true definition of heat namely of  that heat which in respect of the iversal not only relative to the sense be in  few word this heat be a expansive motion cohibited and strive by the lesser  part and expansion be modify that expand or spread it self out in circuit it  must notwithstanding incline somewhat upward and that strive by part be  likewise modify that it ought not to be altogether slow but somewhat swift and  with some violence and concern what belong to the operative it be the same  thing for the designation or description be this if in any natural body you  can excite a motion to dilatate and spread out it self and can stay back that  motion and so turn it against it self that dilatation may not proceed equal  but partly proceed and partly be Beatrice back you will questionless engender  a heat not any way regard whether it be a elementary body as they call it or  imbrue by the celestial whether luminous or dark whether thin or thick whether  local spread abroad or contain within the enclosure of the first dimension  whether tend to dissolution or remain in the same state whether animal or  vegetable whether mineral or water whether oil or air or any other substance  whatsoever so it be susceptible of the foresay motion a hot thing to the sense  be the same but with such a analogy as be fit for the sense