table of the degree or comparative instance of heat we will first speak of  those body which exhibit no degree of heat sensible to the touch but appear  rather to possess a potential heat or disposition and preparation for it we  will then go on to other which be actual warm to the touch and observe the  strength and degree of it there be no know solid or tangible body which be by  its own nature original warm for neither stone metal sulphur fossil wood water  nor dead animal carcase be find warm the warm spring in bath appear to be heat  accidental by flame subterraneous fire such as be throw up by Aetna and many  other mountain or by the contact of certain body as heat be exhibit in the  dissolution of iron and tin the degree of heat therefore in inanimate object  be not sensible to our touch but they differ in their degree of cold for wood  and metal be not equal cold this however belong to the table of degree of cold  but with regard to potential heat and predisposition to flame we find many  inanimate substance wonder adapt to it as sulphur naphtha and saltpetre body  which have previous acquire heat as horse dung from the animal or lime and  perhaps ash and soot from fire retain some latent portion of it hence  distillation and separation of substance be effect by bury they in horse dung  and heat be excite in lime by sprinkle it with water as have be before observe  in the vegetable world we know of no plant nor part of any plant as the  exudation or pith that be warm to man touch yet as we have before observe  green weed grow warm when confine and some vegetable be warm and other cold to  our internal touch I e the palate and stomach or even after a while to our  external skin as be show in plaster and ointment we know of nothing in the  various part of animal when dead or detach from the rest that be warm to the  touch for horse dung itself do not retain its heat unless it be confine and  bury all dung however appear to possess a potential heat as in manure field so  also dead body be endue with this latent and potential heat to such a degree  that in cemetery where people be inter daily the earth acquire a secret heat  which consume any recent deposit body much soon than pure earth and they tell  you that the people of the east be acquaint with a fine soft cloth make of the  down of bird which can melt butter wrap gentle up in it by its own warmth  manure such as every kind of dung chalk sea-sand salt and the like have some  disposition towards heat all putrefaction exhibit some slight degree of heat  though not enough to be perceptible by the touch for neither the substance  which by putrefaction be convert into animalculae as flesh and cheese nor rot  wood which shine in the dark be warm to the touch the heat however of putrid  substance display itself occasional in a disgust and strong scent the first  degree of heat therefore in substance which be warm to the human touch appear  to be that of animal and this admit of a great variety of degree for the low  as in insect be scarce perceptible the high scarce equal that of the sun ray  in warm climate and weather and be not so acute as to be insufferable to the  hand it be say however of evenly and some other of a very dry constitution and  habit of body that when attack with violent fever they become so warm as to  appear almost to burn the hand apply to they animal become more warm by motion  and exercise wine and feast venery burn fever and grief in the paroxysm of  intermittent fever the patient be at first seize with cold and shiver but soon  afterward become more heat than at first in burn and pestilential fever they  be hot from the beginning let further inquiry be make into the comparative  heat of different animal as fish quadruped serpent bird and also of the  different species as the lion the kite or man for accord to the vulgar opinion  fish be the least warm internal and bird the most particular dove hawk and  ostrich let further inquiry be make as to the comparative heat in different  part and limb of the same animal for milk blood seed and egg be moderate warm  and less hot than the outward flesh of the animal when in motion or agitate  the degree of heat of the brain stomach heart and the rest have not yet be  equal well investigate all animal be external cold in winter and cold weather  but be think to be internal warm the heat of the heavenly body even in the  warm climate and season never reach such a pitch as to light or burn the dry  wood or straw or even tinder without the aid of burn glass it can however  raise vapour from moist substance astronomer tell we that some star be hot  than other mar be consider the warm after the sun then Jupiter then Venus the  moon and above all Saturn be consider to be cold among the fix star Sirius be  think the warm then cor lion or Regulus then the lesser dogstar the sun give  out more heat as it approach towards the perpendicular or zenith which may be  suppose to be the case with the other planet accord to their degree of heat  for instance that Jupiter give out more heat when situate beneath cancer or  leo than when he be beneath Capricorn and Aquarius it be to be suppose that  the sun and other planet give more heat in perigee from their approximation to  the earth than when in apogee but if in any country the sun shall be both in  its perigee and near to the perpendicular at the same time it must necessary  give out more heat than in a country where it be also in perigee but situate  more oblique so that the comparative altitude of the planet shall be observe  and their approach to or declination from the perpendicular in different  country the sun and other planet be think also to give out more heat in  proportion as they be near to the large fix star as when the sun be in leo he  be near cor lion cauda lion Spica maiden Sirius and the lesser dogstar than  when he be in cancer where however he approach near to the perpendicular it be  probable also that the quarter of the heaven produce a great heat though not  perceptible in proportion as they be adorn with a great number of star  particular those of the first magnitude on the whole the heat of the heavenly  body be augment in three way the approach to the perpendicular proximity or  their perigee the conjunction or union of star there be a very considerable  difference between the degree of heat in animal and even in the ray of the  heavenly body as they reach we and the heat of the most gentle flame and even  of all ignite substance nay liquid or the air itself when unusual heat by fire  for the flame of spirit of wine though diffuse and uncollected be yet able to  set straw linen or paper on fire which animal heat or that of the sun will  never accomplish without a burn glass there be however many degree of strength  and weakness in flame and ignite body but no diligent inquiry have be make in  this respect and we must therefore pass it hasty over of all flame that of  spirit of wine appear to be the most gentle except perhaps the fire fatuus or  the flash from the perspiration of animal after this we shall be incline to  place the flame of light and porous vegetable such as straw reed and dry leave  from which the flame of hair or feather differ but little then perhaps come  the flame of wood particular that which contain but little rosin or pitch that  of small wood however such as be usual tie up in faggot be mild than that of  the trunk or root of tree this can be easy try in iron furnace where a fire of  faggot or branch of tree be of little service next follow the flame of oil  tallow wax and the like oily and fat substance which be not very violent but a  most powerful heat be find in pitch and rosin and a still great in sulphur  camphor naphtha saltpetre and salt after they have discharge their crude  matter and in their compound as in gunpowder Greek fire vulgar call wild fire  and its variety which possess such a stubborn heat as scarce to be extinguish  by water we consider that the flame which result from some imperfect metal be  very strong and active but on all these point further inquiry shall be make  the flame of vivid lightning appear to exceed all the above so as sometime to  have melt even wrought iron into drop which the other flame can accomplish in  ignite body there be different degree of heat concern which also a diligent  inquiry have not be make we consider the faint heat to be that of tinder  touchwood and dry rope match such as be use for discharge cannon next follow  that of ignite charcoal or cinder and even brick and the like but the most  violent be that of ignite metal as iron copper and the like further inquiry  however must be make into this also some ignite body be find to be much warm  than some flame for instance read hot iron be much warm and burn more than the  flame of spirit of wine some body even not ignite but only heat by the fire as  boil water and the air confine in reverberatories surpass in heat many flame  and ignite substance motion increase heat as be show in the bellows and the  blowpipe for the hard metal be not dissolve or melt by steady quiet fire  without the aid of the blowpipe let a experiment be make with burn glass in  which respect I have observe that if a glass be place at the distance of ten  inch for instance from the combustible object it do not kindle or burn it so  ready as if the glass be place at the distance of five inch for instance and  be then gradual and slow withdraw to the distance of ten inch the cone and  focus of the ray however be the same but the mere motion increase the effect  of the heat conflagration which take place with a high wind be think to make  great way against than with the wind because when the wind slacken the flame  recoil more rapid than it advance when the wind be favourable flame do not  burst out or arise unless it have some hollow space to move and exert itself  in except in the explode flame of gunpowder and the like where the compression  and confinement of the flame increase its fury the anvil become so hot by the  hammer that if it be a thin plate it may probable grow read like ignite iron  by repeat stroke let the experiment be try but in ignite body that be porous  so as to leave room for the fire to move itself if its motion be prevent by  strong compression the fire be immediate extinguish thus it be with tinder or  the burn snuff of a candle or lamp or even hot charcoal or cinder for when  they be squeeze by snuffer or the foot and the like the effect of the fire  instant cease the approach towards a hot body increase heat in proportion to  the approximation a similar effect to that of light for the near any object be  place towards the light the more visible it become the union of different heat  increase heat unless the substance be mix for a large and small fire in the  same spot tend mutual to increase each other heat but lukewarm water pour into  boil water cool it the continue neighbourhood of a warm body increase heat for  the heat which perpetual pass and emanate from it be mix with that which  precede it multiply the whole a fire for instance do not warm a room in half a  hour as much as the same fire will in a hour this do not apply to light for a  lamp or candle place in a spot give no more light by remain there than it do  at first the irritation of surround cold increase heat as may be see in fire  during a sharp frost we think that this be owe not mere to the confinement and  compression of the heat which from a sort of union but also by the  exasperation of it as when the air or a stick be violent compress or bend they  recoil not only to the point they first occupy but still further back let a  accurate experiment therefore be make with a stick or something of the kind  put into the flame in order to see whether it be not soon burn at the side  than in the middle of it there be many degree in the susceptibility of heat  and first it must be observe how much a low gentle heat change and partial  warm even the body least susceptible of it for even the heat of the hand  impart a little warmth to a ball of lead or other metal hold a short time in  it so easy be heat transmit and excite without any apparent change in the body  of all body that we be acquaint with air admit and lose heat the most ready  which be admirable see in weather glass who construction be as follow take a  glass with a hollow belly and a thin and long neck turn it upside down and  place it with its mouth downward into another glass vessel contain water the  end of the tube touch the bottom of the vessel and the tube itself lean a  little on the edge so as to be fix upright in order to do this more ready let  a little wax be apply to the edge not however so as to block up the orifice  lest by prevent the air from escape the motion which we shall present speak of  and which be very gentle and delicate shall be impede before the first glass  be insert in the other its upper part the belly shall be warm at the fire then  upon place it as we have describe the air which be dilate by the heat after a  sufficient time have be allow for it to lose the additional temperature will  restore and contract itself to the same dimension as that of the external or  common atmosphere at the moment of immersion and the water will be attract  upward in the tube to a proportionate extent a long narrow slip of paper shall  be attach to the tube divide into as many degree as you please you will then  perceive as the weather grow warm or cold that the air contract itself into a  narrow space in cold weather and dilate in the warm which will be exhibit by  the rise of the water as the air contract itself and its depression as the air  dilate the sensibility of the air with regard to heat or cold be so delicate  and exquisite that it far exceed the human touch so that a ray of sunshine the  heat of the breath and much more that of the hand place on the top of the tube  immediate cause a evident depression of the water we think however that the  spirit of animal possess a much more delicate susceptibility of heat and cold  only that it be impede and blunt by the grossness of their body after air we  consider those body to be most sensible of heat which have be recent change  and contract by cold as snow and ice for they begin to be dissolve and melt  with the first mild weather next perhaps follow quicksilver then greasy  substance as oil butter and the like then wood then water last stone and metal  which do not easy grow hot particular towards their centre when heat however  they retain their temperature for a very long time so that a brick or stone or  hot iron plunge in a basin of cold water and keep there for a quarter of a  hour or thereabouts retain such a heat as not to admit of be touch the less  massive the body be the more ready it grow warm at the approach of a heat body  which show that heat with we be somewhat averse to a tangible mass heat with  regard to the human sense and touch be various and relative so that lukewarm  water appear hot if the hand be cold and cold if the hand be hot XIV any one  may ready see how poor we be in history since in the above table beside  occasional insert tradition and report instead of approve history and  authentic instance always however add some note if their credit or authority  be doubtful we be often force to subjoin let the experiment be try let further  inquiry be make XV we be wont to term the office and use of these three table  the present a review of instance to the understanding and when this have be do  induction itself be to be bring into action for on a individual review of all  the instance a nature be to be find such as always to be present and absent  with the give nature to increase and decrease with it and as we have say to  from a more common limit of the nature if the mind attempt this affirmative  from the first which it always will when leave to itself there will spring up  phantom mere theory and ill-defined notion with axiom require daily correction  these will doubtless be better or worse accord to the power and strength of  the understanding which create they but it be only for God the bestower and  creator of from and perhaps for angel and intelligence at once to recognise  from affirmative at the first glance of contemplation man at lest be unable to  do so and be only allow to proceed first by negative and then to conclude with  affirmative after every species of exclusion XVI we must therefore effect a  complete solution and separation of nature not by fire but by the mind that  divine fire the first work of legitimate induction in the discovery of from be  rejection or the exclusive instance of individual nature which be not find in  some one instance where the give nature be present or be find in any one  instance where it be absent or be find to increase in any one instance where  the give nature decrease or the reverse after a exclusion correct effect a  affirmative from will remain as the residuum solid true and well define while  all volatile opinion go off in smoke this be ready say but we must arrive at  it by a circuitous rout we shall perhaps however omit nothing that can  facilitate our progress XVII the first and almost perpetual precaution and  warning which we consider necessary be this that none shall suppose from the  great part assign by we to from that we mean such from as the meditation and  think of man have hitherto be accustom to in the first place we do not at  present mean the concrete from which as we have observe be in the common  course of thing compound of simple nature as those of a lion a eagle a rise  gold or the like the moment for discuss these will arrive when we come to  treat of the latent process and latent conformation and the discovery of they  as they exist in what be call substance or concrete nature nor again will we  be think to mean even when treat of simple nature any abstract from or idea  either undefined or bid define in matter for when we speak of from we mean  nothing else than those law and regulation of simple action which arrange and  constitute any simple nature such as heat light weight in every species of  matter and in a susceptible subject the from of heat or from of light  therefore mean no more than the law of heat or the law of light nor do we ever  abstract or withdraw ourselves from thing and the operative branch of  philosophy when therefore we say for instance in our investigation of the from  of heat reject rarity or rarity be not of the from of heat it be the same as  if we be to say man can superinduce heat on a dense body or the reverse man  can abstract or ward off heat from a rare body but if our from appear to any  one to be somewhat abstract from their mingle and unite heterogeneous object  the heat for instance of the heavenly body appear to be very different from  that of fire the fix read of the rise and the like from that which be apparent  in the rainbow or the radiation of opal or the diamond death by drown from  that by burn the sword apoplexy or consumption and yet they all agree in the  common nature of heat redness and death let he be assure that his  understanding be enthral by habit by general appearance and hypothesis for it  be most certain that however heterogeneous and distinct they agree in the from  or law which regulate heat redness or death and that human power can be  emancipate and free from the common course of nature and expand and exalt to  new efficient and new mode of operation except by the revelation and invention  of from of this nature but after this union of nature which be the principal  point we will afterward in its proper place treat of the division and  ramification of nature whether ordinary or internal and more real XVIII we  must now offer a example of the exclusion or rejection of nature find by the  table of review not to be of the from of heat first premise that not only each  table be sufficient for the rejection of any nature but even each single  instance contain in they for it be clear from what have be say that every  contradictory instance destroy a hypothesis as to the from still however for  the sake of clearness and in order to show more plain the use of the table we  redouble or repeat the exclusive a example of the exclusive table or of the  rejection of nature from the from of heat on account of the sun ray reject  elementary or terrestrial nature on account of common fire and particular  subterranean fire which be the most remote and seclude from the ray of the  heavenly body reject celestial nature on account of the heat acquire by every  description of substance as mineral vegetable the external part of animal  water oil air etcetera by mere approximation to the fire or any warm body  reject all variety and delicate texture of body on account of iron and ignite  metal which warm other body and yet neither lose their weight nor substance  reject the impart or mix of the substance of the heat body on account of boil  water and air and also those metal and other solid body which be heat but not  to ignition or read heat reject flame or light on account of the ray of the  moon and other heavenly body except the sun again reject flame or light on  account of the comparison between redhot iron and the flame of spirit of wine  for the iron be more hot and less bright while the flame of spirit of wine be  more bright and less hot again reject flame and light on account of gold and  other ignite metal which be of the great specific density reject rarity on  account of air which be general find to be cold and yet continue rare reject  rarity on account of ignite iron which do not swell in bulk but retain the  same apparent dimension reject the absolute expansive motion of the whole on  account of the expansion of the air in thermometer and the like which be  absolute move and expand to the eye and yet acquire no manifest increase of  heat again reject absolute or expansive motion of the whole on account of the  ready application of heat to all substance without any destruction or  remarkable alteration of they reject destructive nature or the violent  communication of any new nature on account of the agreement and conformity of  the effect produce by cold and heat reject both expansive and contract motion  as regard the whole on account of the heat excite by friction reject principal  nature by which we mean that which exist positive and be not cause by a  precede nature there be other nature to be reject but we be mere offer example  and not perfect table none of the above nature be of the from of heat and man  be free from they all in his operation upon heat nineteeen in the exclusive  table be lie the foundation of true induction which be not however complete  until the affirmative be attain nor be the exclusive table perfect nor can it  be so at first for it be clear a rejection of simple nature but if we have not  as yet good and just notion of simple nature how can the exclusive table be  make correct some of the above as the notion of elementary and celestial  nature and rarity be vague and ill define we therefore who be neither ignorant  nor forgetful of the great work which we attempt in render the human  understanding adequate to thing and nature by no mean rest satisfy with what  we have hitherto enforce but push the matter further and contrive and prepare  more powerful aid for the use of the understanding which we will next subjoin  and indeed in the interpretation of nature the mind be to be so prepare and  from as to rest itself on proper degree of certainty and yet to remember  especial at first that what be present depend much upon what remain behind  twenty since however truth emerge more ready from error than confusion we  consider it useful to leave the understanding at liberty to exert itself and  attempt the interpretation of nature in the affirmative after have construct  and weigh the three table of preparation such as we have lie they down both  from the instance there collect and other occur elsewhere which attempt we be  wont to call the liberty of the understanding or the commencement of  interpretation or the first vintage